What is a Copyright? Copyright is a collection of all rights enjoyed by the creator and/or an author of an artistic or literary work.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What are considered copyrightable works in the Philippines? Under Philippine law, original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain are copyrightable. These include books, pamphlets, articles and other writings; periodicals and newspapers; lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral delivery; letters; dramatic or dramatic-musical compositions; choreographic works or entertainment in dumb shows; musical compositions; drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving, lithography; models or designs for works of art;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
original ornamental designs or models for articles of manufacture; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; photographic works including works produced by a process analogous to photography; lantern slides; audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any process for making audio-visual recordings; pictorial illustrations and advertisements and computer programs.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Derivative works are also protected as new works, provided that it does not affect the existing copyright on original works. Derivative works may include: dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgements, arrangements, and other alterations of literary music work; collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works, and compilations of data and other materials which are original by reason of the selection or coordination or arrangement of their contents.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What works are not protected by copyright under Philippine law? Copyright protection does not cover:
1) Idea, procedure, system method or operation, concept,
principle, discovery of mere data as such, even if they are expressed, explained, illustrated or embodied in a work;
2) News of the day and other miscellaneous facts having
the character of mere items of press information;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
3) Official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any official translation thereof;
4) Work of the Philippine Government, unless there was a
prior approval by the appropriate government agency; and
5) Statutes, rules and regulations, and speeches, lectures,
sermons, addresses, and dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered in courts of justice, before administrative agencies, in deliberative assemblies and in meetings of public character.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Is a copyright registration necessary to protect artistic or literary works? No, copyrightable works are protected from the moment of their creation.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Who can apply for a copyright registration?
The owner of the work or
his/her assignees or successors in interest has the right to apply for a copyright registration.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Who are considered owners of the copyrightable works? The owners of original literary and artistic works are:
1) The author of the work;
2) The employer if the work is the result of the
performance of regular assigned duties of the employee, unless otherwise agreed upon. However, the employee owns the copyright if the work is not part of his regular duties, even if he uses the time, facilities and materials of the employer; Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement 3) If the work was commissioned, the one who commissioned the work jointly owns the copyright along with the author, unless otherwise agreed upon;
4) In the case of audio-visual work, the copyright
belongs to the producer, the author of the scenario, the music composer, the film director, and the author of the work adapted. However, unless otherwise agreed upon among the creators, the producer has the right to exercise copyright to the extent required for the exhibition of the work in any manner, Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement Except for the right to collect license fees for the performance of musical compositions, with or without words, which are incorporated into the work.
5) With respect to letters, the
copyright belongs to the writer subject to Article 723 of the Civil Code.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Can the author or creator waive or transfer copyright? The author or creator of any work can waive or transfer his/her work in favor of a corporation or another individual.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the duration of copyright protection? In the Philippines, copyright protection for artistic, literary and derivative works lasts for the life of the author plus 50 years after the author’s death. This term of protection also applies to posthumous works. In the case of joint authorship, the economic rights shall be protected during the life of the last surviving author plus 50 years after such author’s death.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the duration or term of protection for works with anonymous owner/creator?
In case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, copyright
protection shall last for 50 years from the date on which the work was first lawfully published. If the work was not published, it shall be protected for 50 years counted from the creation of the work.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the duration or term protection for works of applied art?
Works of applied art shall be
protected for 25 years from the date of its creation.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the duration or term of protection for audio-visual works?
Audio-visual works shall be protected
for 50 years from the date of publication. If it is unpublished, it is protected for 50 years from the date of creation.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the duration or term of protection for performers and producers of sound recordings? Performances not incorporated in recordings shall be protected for 50 years from the end of the year in which the performance took place. Sound or image and sound recordings and performances incorporated therein shall be protected for 50 years from the end of the year in which the recording took place. Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement What is the duration or term of protection for broadcasts?
Broadcasts shall be protected
for 20 years from the date the broadcast took place.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What are the rights conferred to the author of a work?
The author of a work has copy or
economic rights, as well as moral rights over the work.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
The author has the exclusive right to carry out, authorize or prevent the: 1) Reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work; 2) Dramatization, translation, adaptation, abridgment, arrangement or other transformation of the work; 3) The first public distribution of the original and each copy of the work by sale or other forms of transfer of ownership;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
4) Rental of the original or a copy of an audio-visual or cinematographic work, a work embodied in a sound recording, a computer program, a compilation of data and other materials or a musical work in graphic form, irrespective of the ownership of the original or the copy which is the subject of the rental;
5) Public display of the original or a copy of
the work;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
6) Public performance of the work; and
7) Other communication to the public
of the work.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Moral rights confer the following on the author of a work: 1) To require that the authorship of the works be attributed to him, in particular; the right that his name, as far as practicable, be indicated in a prominent way on the copies, and in connection with the public use of his work;
2) To make any alterations of his work prior to, or
to withhold it from publication;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
3) To object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, his work which would be prejudicial to his honor or reputation; and
4) To restrain the use of his name with
respect to any work not of his own creation or in a distorted version of his work. Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement Can a copyright be transferred or assigned?
Yes. Copyright can be assigned
in whole or in part.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Is the sale of an original work, for example a painting, equivalent to the transfer of the copyright therein?
No. The copyright is distinct from the object
or property subject to it. Consequently, the transfer or assignment of the copyright does not necessarily constitute a transfer of the object. Nor shall a transfer or assignment of the copy or several copies of the work imply a transfer or assignment of the copyright.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the extent of authority granted to the publisher of newspapers, periodicals or magazines when a work is submitted for publication?
The authority constitutes only a license to make a single
publication unless expressly stated otherwise. If the copyright is owned by more than1 person, neither of the owners shall be entitled to grant a license without the prior written consent of the other owner or owners.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is the extent of copyright protection in works of architecture? Copyright in a work of architecture includes the right to control the erection of any building, which reproduces the whole or substantial part of the work either in its original form or in any form recognizably derived from the original. It shall not include the right to control the reconstruction or rehabilitation in the same style as the original of the building to which the copyright relates.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Can a computer program be reproduced without violating the author’s copyright?
Yes, in cases of fair use. Decompilation, which is the
reproduction of the code and translation of the forms of the computer program to achieve the inter-operability of an independently created computer program with other programs constitute fair use and is allowed.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Reproduction in one (1) back-up copy or adaptation of a computer program or adaptation of a computer program is permitted, without the authorization of the author or owner of the copyright, provided that the copy or adaptation is necessary for:
(a) the use of the computer program in
conjunction with a computer for the purpose, and to the extent, for which the computer program has been obtained; and
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
(b) archival purposes and for the replacement of the lawfully owned copy of the computer program in the event that the lawfully obtained copy of the computer program is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Other than the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, is there any special law that ensures the protection to copyright owners of audio-visual works?
Yes, the Optical Media Act of 2003. This Act
regulates the manufacture, mastering, replication, importation and exportation of optical media in which information, including sounds and/or images, or software code, has been stored, either by mastering and/or replication.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Under the Optical Media Act, any person, establishment or entity shall, prior to engaging in one or more of the following business or activities, register with and secure the appropriate licenses from the Optical Media Board (OMB):
1) Importation, exportation, acquisition, sale or
distribution of optical media, manufacturing equipment, parts and accessories and manufacturing materials used or intended for use in the mastering, manufacture or replication of optical media;
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
2) Possession or operation of manufacturing equipment, parts and accessories, or the possession acquisition, sale or use of manufacturing materials for the mastering, manufacture or replication of optical media; and
3) The mastering, manufacture, replication,
importation or exportation of optical media.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
The Optical Media Act also requires that Source Identification (SID) Codes, prescribed by the OMB to, be applied to each and every optical media mastered, manufactured or replicated including glass masters, stampers or other parts used for the manufacture of optical discs.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What is “fair use”? The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news, reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright.
Decompilation, which is the reproduction of the code and
translation of the forms of the computer programs to achieve the inter-operability of an independently created computer program with other programs, may also constitute fair use.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
To determine whether use of a work constitutes fair use, the following factors are considered: 1) The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes; 2) The nature of the copyrighted work; 3) The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4) The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What constitutes copyright infringement in the Philippines?
Under Philippine law, copyright
infringement occurs when there is a violation of any of the exclusive economic or moral rights granted to the copyright owner.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What are the remedies available to an owner of a copyright against an infringer?
The copyright owner can file a criminal, civil or
administrative action for copyright infringement. A criminal case for copyright infringement must be filed in the court situated in the place where the violation occurred.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
The administrative suit is filed at the Bureau of Legal Affairs at the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines. A civil infringement lawsuit is filed in the appropriate court located at the place where the defendant resides/is located, or where the plaintiff resides/is located, at the option of the plaintiff.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
What are the penalties provided by Philippine law for copyright infringement? Under Philippine law, copyright infringement is punishable by the following:
Imprisonment of between 1 to 3 years and a fine of
between 50,000 to 150,000 pesos for the first offense.
Imprisonment of 3 years and 1 day to six years plus a fine
of between 150,000 to 500,000 pesos for the second offense.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement
Imprisonment of 6 years and 1 day to 9 years plus a fine ranging from 500,000 to 1,500,000 pesos for the third and subsequent offenses.
The offending party may also be ordered to pay civil
damages.
Injunction and destruction of the infringing goods or
products can also be obtained.
Atty. Ava Beatrice Jackqueline C. Talag Copyright Infringement