LECTURE-1

Parts of Sentence: Phrases and Clauses

Prepared by : Farhan Ahmed (46th Common, FSP)
TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Declarative Sentences
2. Interrogative Sentences
3. Imperative Sentences
4. Exclamatory Sentences
5. Optative Sentences
1. DECLARATORY SENTENCES:
 Declarative sentences give information. We
use them to share facts and statements, in
other words, to declare things.
 Period or full stop comes at the end of declaratory
sentence.
 The dog went to the county fair.

 She saw the dog eat popcorn.

 Dogs don’t usually eat popcorn.

 The popcorn was hot.

 I like popcorn.
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

 Quite simply, an interrogative sentence is a

question. It is easy to recognize because
it always ends in a question. Questions ask
things like who, what, where, when, why, and
how. Here are some examples:
 Why is the dog going to the county fair?

 Have you ever been to a county fair?

 What is your favorite snack?

 How do you make popcorn?

RELATION BETWEEN DECLARATORY AND
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

 Declarative Sentence:
 The popcorn is delicious.

 New Interrogative Sentence (or question)

 Is the popcorn delicious?

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:
 An imperative sentence gives instructions,
requests, or demands, or shares a wish or
invitation.

 Feed the dog once per day. (Giving

instructions)
 Please don’t give the dog popcorn. (Sharing a
request)
 Shut the door. (Expressing command)
4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE:
 They indicate strong feelings or excitement. They
are powerful sentences, so they always end with
an exclamation mark.
 Wow, he must really love popcorn!

 Hurrah! We have won the match.

 What a fine evening !

 “What an exceptional child this is!”

5. OPTATIVE SENTENCES:
 The sentence which expresses a prayer, keen wish,
curse etc. is called an optative sentence. This kind
of sentence generally starts with ‘may’ and ‘wish’.
Sometimes, ‘may’ remains hidden.
 Long live the king of Westeros.
 May you two live long enough to see your
grandchildren!
 May God bless us all!
 May you become successful enough to buy love!
 May the almighty help in this tragedy!
 Wish you a very successful married life.
 Wish you a happy journey together.
 May your team win the match!
TEST: IDENTIFY KINDS OF SENTENCES
 1. The house will be built on a hill.
 2. Cheryl, try the other door.
 3. The monster is attacking!
 4. How did you find the card?
 5. She is watching a movie.
 6. Will you help me?
 7. Please cooperate with me.
 8. Don’t waste your time.
 9. Hurrah! We won the race!
 10. It is fantastic!
 11. May you live long!
 May God help you!
 I can’t believe she ran that fast to grab the bone!
PARTS OF A SENTENCE:
 1. Subject
 2. Object

 3. Predicate

 4. Phrase

 5. Clause
DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTS OF SENTENCE:

Every sentence has a subject and predicate.

 1. Subject: Doer of the action. It can be a Noun or
Pronoun
 2. Predicate: Part of a sentence, containing verb
and stating something about the subject. It can
be one word or several words

Example:
1. Philanthropists donated millions to charity.
2. The dog has been sniffing.
3. The cobra saw the dog coming closer and raised
itself into striking position.
3.PHRASE
A group of words that does not have both
subject and a verb.
1. On the road
2. The teacher, Mr. Awais
3. In the air
4. To live and breathe (infinitive phrase)
5. Looking stunning (participle phrase)
TEST : IDENTIFY SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
 1. The sun was shining brightly.
 2. The dogs were barking loudly.
 3. The pretty girl was wearing a blue frock.
 4. My younger brother serves in the army.
 5. The man and his wife were working in their
garden.
 6. My mother and my aunt are trained classical
dancers.
 7. You don’t have to wait for me.
 8. We will no longer tolerate this.
 9. The little tree was covered with needles
instead of leaves.
ANSWERS:
 1. The sun (subject) / was shining brightly (predicate).
 2. The dogs (subject) / were barking loudly (predicate).
 3. The pretty girl (subject) / was wearing a blue frock
(predicate).
 4. My younger brother (subject) / serves in the army
(predicate).
 5. The man and his wife (subject) / were working in
their garden (predicate).
 6. My mother and my aunt (subject) / are trained
classical dancers (predicate).
 7. You (subject) / don’t have to wait for me (predicate).
 8. We (subject) / will no longer tolerate this
(predicate).
 9. The little tree (subject) / was covered with needles
instead of leaves (predicate).
VERBAL PHRASES:
 1. Infinitive Phrase
 2. Participle Phrase

 3. Difference between Gerund and Phrase

1.Infinitive phrase: The verb that appears after

preposition to
Examples:
1.Sami likes to eat.
2.He wants to learn more and more.
2. Participle Phrase: A participle is a word that is
ending in -ing or in -ed that helps describe
something. It
EXAMPLES OF PARTICIPLE PHRASE:
 Used as a modifier in a sentence
 Examples:
1. The cascading waterfall poured down over the
rocks.
2. The sobbing child held his injured knee.
3. Sweeping across the night sky, the bats hunted
their prey.
4. Quickly checking over his answers, Patrick
handed in his test just before time ran out.
5. The broken window needed to get repaired quickly.
6. Frightened by the loud fireworks, the dog hid
under the couch.
GERUNDS:
 function as nouns in the sentence and they
always end in "-ing".
Examples:
1. Singing is one of my hobbies.

2. Watching television does not burn many

calories.
3. I enjoy cooking with my mom.

4. He is smoking.
 CLASS TEST 2: IDENTIFY INFINITIVES,
GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.
PART-I
 1. Swimming is good exercise.
 2. Economics is an ever-expanding field of study.
 3. We drove to the mall to buy our new surround
sound system.
 4. Breaking the light barrier is simply not possible.
 5. Overwhelmed by the menu choices, I just closed my
eyes and pointed with my finger.
 6. They have closed the cafeteria to repair a broken
steam table.
 7. Passing this quiz with a good grade would make me
happy.
 8. I always enjoy watching a meteor shower.
CLAUSE :
 A group of words containing a subject and
predicate.
Examples:
1. Ali reads newspaper.

2. He plays cricket.

Types of Clauses:
1. Independent Clause

2. Dependent Clause
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE:
 An independent clause (or main clause) is
a clause that can stand by itself as a simple
sentence. An independent clause contains
a subject and a predicate and makes sense by
itself.
 Examples:

1. My favourite flavour is chocolate.

2. He ran fast.
2. DEPENDENT CLAUSE:
 A group of words that also contains a subject and
a verb, but it is not a complete thought. Because
it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause
cannot stand on its own as a sentence; it is
dependent on being attached to an independent
clause to form a sentence.
 Examples:

 Because I woke up late this morning… (what

happened?)
 When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)

 If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time…

(what will happen?)
HOW TO IDENTIFY DEPENDENT CLAUSE?
 A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin
with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and
will contain both a subject and a verb.
LECTURE 2:
Types of Sentences: Simple, Compound and
Complex.
Prepared by: Farhan Ahmed (46th Common, FSP)
CONTENTS OF TODAY’S LECTURE:
1. Brief Revision of Previous Lecture
2. Kinds of Sentences and Their Punctuation
3. Class Test 2: Identify Gerunds and Participles
4. Components of Introduction: General, Specific
and Supporting statements
5. Class Test 3: Identify Class type
6. Class Test 4: Writing of General Statements
and Specific Statements on Some Essay Topic in
Class
7. Development of an Outline of Descriptive and
Argumentative Essay
1. BRIEF REVISION OF PREVIOUS LECTURE:
A. Parts of Sentence: Subject, Object, Predicate,
Phrase and Clause
B. Verbal Phrase: Infinitive, Participle and Gerund

C. Types of Clauses: Independent Clause and

Dependent Clause
Note: Independent Clause is also known as
principal or main clause. Dependent clause is also
called subordinate or relative clause.
WHAT IS SENTENCE?
 A set of words that is complete in itself, typically
containing a subject and predicate, conveying a
statement, question, exclamation, or command,
and consisting of a main clause and sometimes
one or more subordinate clauses.
1. Ali plays cricket. (Statement)
2. Does Ali play cricket? ( Question)
3. Ali played what a wonderful shot!
4. Open the door.
5. Ali plays cricket in the morning, and watches
movie in the evening.
6. When it is morning, Ali plays cricket.
2. TYPES OF SENTENCES:
 1. Simple Sentence
 2. Compound Sentence

 3. Complex Sentence

 4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE:
o A simple sentence is one independent clause
that has a subject and a predicate and expresses
a complete thought
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
o A Sentence containing two independent clauses,
joined by
1. Coordinating Conjunction ( FANBOYS- For, And,
Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
2. Conjunctive Adverb 3. a semicolon alone.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND
SENTENCE:

Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction/

Conjunctive Adverb/ Semicolon + Independent
Clause
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
Structure: Independent Clause + , + Coordinating
Conjunction + Independent Clause
Examples:
1. She did not cheat in the test, for it was not the right
thing to do.
2. I think I will buy the red car, or I will lease the blue
one.
3. I really want to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
4. I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
5. He ran out of money, so he had to stop playing poker.
6. They got there early, and they got really good seats.
7. There was no ice cream in the freezer, nor did they
have money to go to the store.
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLON:
 Structure: Independent Clause + ; +
Independent Clause
 Note: Semicolon is used instead comma and
coordinating conjunction collectively.
 Examples:

 1. The sky is clear; the stars are twinkling. ( ,

and)
 2. Check back tomorrow; I will see if the book has
arrived. (, or)
 He said he was not there yesterday; many people
saw him there. (, but)
COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:

 Structure: Independent Clause + Semicolon+

Conjunctive Adverb + Comma + Independent
Clause
 Examples:
 1. We have many different sizes of this
shirt; however, it comes in only one color.
 2. The due date for the final paper has
passed; therefore, I could not submit mine on
time.
 3. The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang.
 4. The law does not permit drinking and driving
anytime; otherwise, there would be many more
accidents.
3. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
 It has one dependent clause (headed by a
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun )
joined to an independent clause.
FURTHER EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX SENTENCES:
Structure 1: Independent Clause + Subordinating
Conjunction+ Dependent Clause
Structure 2: Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent
Clause + , + Independent Clause
1. Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the
microwave.
2. Though he was very rich, he was still unhappy.
3. She returned the computer after she noticed it was
damaged.
4. When the cost goes up, customers buy less clothing.
5. Because I had to catch the train, I forgot to pack my
toothbrush for our vacation.
6. As she was bright and ambitious, she became a
manager in no time.
7. Wherever you go, you can always find beauty.
4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:
 It has two independent clauses joined to one or
more dependent clauses.
 CLASS TEST 2: IDENTIFY INFINITIVES,
GERUNDS AND PARTICIPLES.
PART-I
 1. Swimming is good exercise.
 2. Economics is an ever-expanding field of study.
 3. We drove to the mall to buy our new surround
sound system.
 4. Breaking the light barrier is simply not possible.
 5. Overwhelmed by the menu choices, I just closed my
eyes and pointed with my finger.
 6. They have closed the cafeteria to repair a broken
steam table.
 7. Passing this quiz with a good grade would make me
happy.
 8. I always enjoy watching a meteor shower.
 CLAUSE TYPE IDENTIFICATION TEST
PART-II
 1. John did his homework before he went to bed.
 2. If you help me, I will help you!
 3. Ali is good boy.
 4. She is very fit because she goes running every
day.
 5. Can you tell me why you said that?
 6. Because the test was so difficult, none of the
students got a very good grade.
 7. I need a new calculator.
 8. I know why she wasn't in school yesterday.
 9. You must call me as soon as you get home.
 10. Do you know the student who won the tennis
tournament?
 PART-III
IDENTIFY TYPE OF SENTENCES AND
PUNCTUATE THEM IF NECESSARY:
 1. Ali reads newspaper
 2. None of the students got a very good grade becaue the test was
so difficult
 3. You must call me as soon as you get home
 4. Though he was very rich he was still unhappy
 5. Wherever you go you can always find beauty
 6. We have many different sizes of this shirt however it comes in
only one color
 7. He said he was not there yesterday many people saw him there.
 8. The sky is clear the stars are twinkling
 9. They got there early and they got really good seats
 10. There was no ice cream in the freezer nor did they have money
to go to the store
 11. Because my coffee was too cold I heated it in the microwave
 The baby fell asleep then the doorbell rang
LECTURE 3
Development of Body Paragraph/Usual Paragraph
Prepared by: Farhan Ahmed (46th Common, FSP)
CONTENTS OF TODAY’S LECTURE:
1. Revision of last lecture
2. Solutions to last class test
3. Development of body paragraph
4. Practice Session
WHAT IS A BODY PARAGRAPH?
 A group of sentences which contains only one
idea/theme/thought, is known as a body
paragraph.

Prerequisite for a paragraph:

1. Indentation
2. Topic sentence/ Introductory sentence
3. Development
4. Coherence
5. Unity
6. Organization
7. Concluding sentence
1. INDENTATION
 It is a space, left at the left side of a first
topic/introductory sentence in a body paragraph.

2. Topic/ Introductory sentence:

 It is a first sentence of the body paragraph.

 It contains following elements:

a. Discourse marker of sequence: to begin with,

at first, firstly, secondly, lastly, finally, at last
b. New Idea/ argument from your outline
c. Topic of the essay
3. DEVELOPMENT:
 It is the art of converting your topic sentence into
a comprehensive paragraph and it can be
achieved by applying following tools;
1. Topic sentence 1
2. Illustration 3
3. Justification (Quotation , Saying , Reference ,
Examples ,Facts , Figures, Arguments and
compare and contrast ) 1
4. Re-illustration 2
5. Conclusion Sentence 1
4. COHERENCE:
 Coherence is the art linking sentences and
paragraphs logically and orderly. It has following
elements:
1. Discourse marker/Connectors/Transitional devices
2. Synonyms and variation in words
3. Use of Pronoun
4. Transitional paragraph (join different parts of an essay)
5. Thesis statement

5. Unity:
• It is maintaining the singleness of
idea/theme/thought throughout the paragraph. In
order to achieve unity, all sentences in a paragraph
should conform to the idea or argument written in the
topic/introductory sentence.
6. ORGANIZATION:
 It means ordering your ideas or paragraphs with
respect to their relevancy to the essay topic. One
must follow the sequence of topic if provided
with.

7. Concluding Sentence:
• It is the last sentence of a body paragraph and
contains following elements:
a. Concluding discourse markers: hence,
therefore, thus, so, as a result, consequently.
b. Idea of the topic sentence
c. Repeat topic of the essay
FIRST EVER PEACEFUL TRANSITION OF
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT FROM ONE
POLITICAL PARTY TO ANOTHER Conclud
discour
marke
 Firstly/to begin with, first ever peaceful
transition of democratic government from one
political party to another, has turned out to be
the great hope for democracy in Pakistan. It
signals continuity of democratic project in the
country. In 2013, first successful change of
guards occurred in Pakistan between PPP and
PML(N). Since general elections 2018 are on the
horizon, it can be expected that smooth transfer
of power will take place. Thus/therefore/hence,
smooth power transition after next general
elections indicates hope for democracy in
Pakistan.