Azis Kemal Fauzie

proudly present

Occupational Environment
at Formal Sector
 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
AT FORMAL SECTOR

 Occupational hazards
 Occupational accidents (injuries and fatalities)
 Occupational diseases

 Formal sector  Employment type

fixed hours Factory
regular wages Mining
contracts Construction*
employment rights Sales & Warehouse*
employment benefits Transportation*
official figures Government
taxed income Other official jobs
 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
AT FORMAL SECTOR

• Occupational Accidents
– Self-accidents
– Equipment-related accidents
• Musculoskeletal Disoders
– Ergonomics at workplace
• Disruption of Biological Clock
– Effects of shift-work
• Computer Radiation
 OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
• Self-accidents
– Slips
– Trips
– Falls from seat
– Falls from height
– Struck down by objects
– Fire accidents
– Road accidents
 OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
• Equipment-related accidents
– Crushing
– Cutting & Grinding
– Drilling
– Welding
– Electrocution
– Hit by tools
– Pulled-out by machines
 Construction
Transportation & Warehousing
Agriculture, forestry,
fishing, & hunting
Government

Professional & business services

Manufacturing

Retail trade
Leisure & hospitality
Wholesale trade

Mining
Other services (eg. public admin)

Educational & health services

Financial activities
Information
Utilities

Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006
 Fishers & related
fishing workers
Aircraft pilots & flight
engineers

Logging workers
Structural iron & steel
workers
Reuse & Recyclable
material collectors

Farmers & ranchers

Electrical power-line
installers & repairers

Roofers
Drivers’ sales workers
& truck drivers
Miscellaneous
agricultural workers

Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in US, 2006
 OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
• Causes
– Unsafe working conditions
– Lack of supervision and training
– Use of old machinery and equipment
– Lack of sufficient maintenance
– Bad house-keeping practices
– Violation of safety rules
– Over crowded production units
with very congested space
• Prevention
– Diminish all these causes
– Safety first
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER
• Contributing Factors
– Poor posture of back, neck, arms, leg, etc.
(unergonomic work position)
– Repetitive nature of task, lack of variety
– Prolonged position: standing or sitting
– Absence of adequate breaks
– Weight and awkwardness of load
– Unsufficient space for body movements
– Unergonomically-designed equipments
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER
• Effect of Poor Posture
– back pain
– head and neck discomfort
– shoulder, arm, hand and wrist discomfort
– leg and foot discomfort
– circulation problems
– headaches
• Effect of Prolonged Position
– musculoskeletal injury
– occupational overuse syndrome
 ERGONOMICS AT WORKPLACE

Whoops, wrong picture. That's the wrong position.

 DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

• What is Biological Clock?

– mechanism in every living organism that oscillates
rhythmically and repetitively at the same time and
same sequence through time
• Types of Biological Clock
– circadian rhythm
– infradian rhythm
– tidal rhythm
– circannual rhythm
• Light and Biological Clock
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
 DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

• Contributing Factors
– using night light during sleeping
– eating in midnight or too close to bedtime
– travelling across time zones (jet lag)
– consuming drugs e.g. cocaine
– consuming melatonin
– SHIFT-WORK
 SHIFT-WORK PATTERNS
3 Shifts: Shift 1 (06:00 to 14:00), Shift 2 (14:00 to 22:00), Shift 3 (22:00 to 06:00)

Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

I Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3
II Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Shift 3 Off Off Shift 2
III Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Shift 2 Off Off Shift 1
IV Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Shift 1 Off Shift 3 Shift 3

2 Shifts: Day Shift (06:00 to 18:00), Night Shift (18:00 to 06:00)

Week Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
I Day Day Day Day Off Off Off
II Off Night Night Night Night Off Off
III Off Off Day Day Day Day Off
IV Off Off Off Night Night Night Night
 DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
• Effects
– Sleep Disorder:
 SWSD
sleepiness during day time
insomnia during night time
 DSPS
 ASPS
 Non-24 SWS
 Irregular sleep-wake pattern
– Mood Disorder:
 Bipolar Disorder
 Seasonal Affective Disorder
– Long term effects: cardiovascular disease, cancer
 DISRUPTION OF BIOLOGICAL CLOCK

• Treatment Day 1: sleep 4 A.M. to noon

Day 2: sleep 7 A.M. to 3 P.M.
– Behavior Therapy Day 3: sleep 10 A.M. to 6 P.M.
– Light Therapy Day 4: sleep 1 P.M. to 9 P.M.
– Chronotherapy Day 5: sleep 4 P.M. to midnight
Day 6: sleep 7 P.M. to 3 A.M.
– Medications: Day 7>: sleep 10 P.M. to 6 A.M.
 Melatonin
 Modafinil (Provigil)
 Tasimelteon
 Vitamin D and B12
– Strict schedule and good sleep hygiene
 COMPUTER RADIATION
 Type of Radiation
ELF electromagnetic radiation

 Source of Radiation
Desktop PC 1 mG (2 ft)
CRT Monitor 3 mG front, 4 mG side
LCD Monitor 0.3 mG front/back, 0 side
Laptop 1 mG (1 ft)
UPS 20 mG (1 ft), 1 mG (3 ft)
Printer, Photocopier 0.5 mG stand-by, 1 mG printing
Sub-woofer 3 mG (1 ft), 0.5 mG (2 ft)
Wi-fi networks, modem
 COMPUTER RADIATION
 Health Effects
eye fatigue, dry eye, iritation, dull, eye aging
skin burns, wrinkles, dry skin, skin aging
headaches, anxiety
sleep interference, insomnia
allergic reactions
heart disease
cancer, tumors
Alzheimer's disease
blood disorders
miscarriage, birth defects
 COMPUTER RADIATION
 Prevention
put potted cactus
adjust brightness
clean screen regularly
attach radiation filter
positioning of computer
use corded not wireless
change old model, use LCD
use ventilation, fan or cooler
rest your eyes, do something else
drink green tea, spirulina, etc.
consume more vit. A, C & potassium
apply skincare & facial treatment
 References
1. Umesh Upadhyaya, OHSE in the Construction Sector, 2002
2. http://en.wikipedia.org
3. http:// www.agius.com
4. http:// www.csu.edu.au
5. http:// ttmtan.myplace.nie.edu.sg
6. http:// www.healthmad.com
7. http:// www.ehow.com
8. http:// www.emwatch.com