Figure 9-01

LE 9-2

Light
energy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O Organic + O
molecules 2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria

ATP

powers most cellular work

Heat
energy
LE 9-UN161a

becomes oxidized
(loses electron)

becomes reduced
(gains electron)
LE 9-UN161

becomes oxidized

becomes reduced
LE 9-3

Reactants Products

becomes oxidized

CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + Energy + 2 H2O

H becomes reduced

H C H O O O C O H O H

H
Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
(reducing (oxidizing
agent) agent)
LE 9-UN162a

becomes oxidized

becomes reduced
LE 9-UN162b

Dehydrogenase
LE 9-4

2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NAD+ NADH H+

Dehydrogenase

+ 2[H] + H+
(from food)
Nicotinamide Nicotinamide
(oxidized form) (reduced form)
LE 9-5

H2 + 1/2 O2 2H + 1 /2 O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2 H+ + 2 e–
energy for
synthesis of
ATP

Free energy, G
Free energy, G

ATP
Explosive
release of ATP
heat and light
energy ATP

2 e–
1/2 O2
2 H+

H2O H2O

Uncontrolled reaction Cellular respiration

LE 9-5a

H2 + 1/2 O2

Free energy, G
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy

H2O

Uncontrolled reaction
LE 9-5b

2H + 1 /2 O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
2 H+ + 2 e–
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
Free energy, G
ATP

ATP

ATP

2 e–
1/2 O2
2 H+

H2O

Cellular respiration
LE 9-UN164

1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)

2. The citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon)
3. Oxidation phosphorylation: electron transport and
chemiosmosis (color-coded violet)
LE 9-6_1

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Cytosol Mitochondrion

ATP

Substrate-level
phosphorylation
LE 9-6_2

Glycolysis Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate cycle

Cytosol Mitochondrion

ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level
phosphorylation phosphorylation
LE 9-6_3

Electrons Electrons carried

carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2

Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis

Cytosol Mitochondrion

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
LE 9-7

Enzyme
Enzyme

ADP

P
Substrate + ATP

Product
LE 9-8

Energy investment phase

Glucose

2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used

Glycolysis Citric
acid Oxidative
cycle phosphorylation

Energy payoff phase

ATP ATP ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed

2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+

2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP

2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
LE 9-9a_1

Glycolysis Citric Oxidation

acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Glucose

ATP

Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate
LE 9-9a_2

Glycolysis Citric
Oxidation
acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Glucose

ATP

Hexokinase

ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate

Phosphoglucoisomerase

Fructose-6-phosphate

ATP

Phosphofructokinase

ADP

Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate

Aldolase

Isomerase

Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-
phosphate 3-phosphate
LE 9-9b_1
2 NAD+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH
+ 2 H+

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate

2 ADP

Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP

3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoglyceromutase

2-Phosphoglycerate
LE 9-9b_2
2 NAD+
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase
2 NADH
+ 2 H+

1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate

2 ADP

Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP

3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoglyceromutase

2-Phosphoglycerate

Enolase
2 H2O

Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP

Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP

Pyruvate
LE 9-10

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

NAD+ NADH + H+

Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A

Transport protein
LE 9-11
Pyruvate
(from glycolysis,
2 molecules per glucose) Citric
Glycolysis
CO2 acid
Oxidation
phosphorylation
NAD+ cycle

CoA
NADH
ATP ATP ATP
+ H+ Acetyl CoA
CoA

CoA

Citric
acid 2 CO2
cycle
FADH2 3 NAD+

FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i

ATP
LE 9-12_1

Glycolysis Citric Oxidation

acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Acetyl CoA

H2O

Oxaloacetate

Citrate
Isocitrate

Citric
acid
cycle
LE 9-12_2

Glycolysis Citric Oxidation

acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Acetyl CoA

H2O

Oxaloacetate

Citrate
Isocitrate

CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+

NADH
+ H+

a-Ketoglutarate

CO2
NAD+

NADH
Succinyl + H+
CoA
LE 9-12_3

Glycolysis Citric Oxidation

acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Acetyl CoA

H2O

Oxaloacetate

Citrate
Isocitrate

CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+

NADH
Fumarate + H+

a-Ketoglutarate

FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA

ADP

ATP
LE 9-12_4

Glycolysis Citric Oxidation

acid
cycle phosphorylation

ATP ATP ATP

Acetyl CoA

NADH
+ H+ H2O

NAD+
Oxaloacetate

Malate Citrate
Isocitrate

CO2
Citric
acid
cycle NAD+
H2O
NADH
Fumarate + H+

a-Ketoglutarate

FADH2
CO2
NAD+
FAD
Succinate Pi NADH
GTP GDP Succinyl + H+
CoA

ADP

ATP
LE 9-13

NADH
50

FADH2

Multiprotein
I FAD complexes
40 FMN
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)

Fe•S Fe•S II
Q
III
Cyt b Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
Fe•S acid electron transport
30 cycle
and chemiosmosis
Cyt c1 IV
Cyt c
ATP ATP ATP
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20

10

0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2

H2O
LE 9-14

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
H+ A rotor within the
membrane spins
H+ H+
as shown when
H+ flows past
H+
H+ it down the H+
gradient.
H+
H+
A stator anchored
in the membrane
holds the knob
stationary.

A rod (or “stalk”)

extending into
the knob also
spins, activating
catalytic sites in
the knob.
H+

Three catalytic
sites in the
ADP stationary knob
+ join inorganic
ATP phosphate to
P
i ADP to make
ATP.
MITOCHONDRAL MATRIX
LE 9-15

Inner
mitochondrial
membrane

Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric
acid phosphorylation:
cycle electron transport
and chemiosmosis

ATP ATP ATP

H+
H+

H+
H+
Protein complex Cyt c
Intermembrane of electron
space carriers

Q IV

I III
ATP
II synthase
Inner 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
mitochondrial FADH2
FAD
membrane
NADH + H+ NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+

Mitochondrial Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis

matrix Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane of H+ back across the membrane

Oxidative phosphorylation
LE 9-16

CYTOSOL Electron shuttles MITOCHONDRION

span membrane 2 NADH
or
2 FADH2

2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2

Glycolysis Oxidative
2 2 Citric phosphorylation:
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl acid electron transport
CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis

+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP

by substrate-level by substrate-level by oxidation phosphorylation, depending
phosphorylation phosphorylation on which shuttle transports electrons
form NADH in cytosol

About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38 ATP
LE 9-17a

2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate

2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2

+ 2 H+

2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde

Alcohol fermentation
LE 9-17b

2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2

+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate

2 Lactate

Lactic acid fermentation

LE 9-18
Glucose

CYTOSOL

Pyruvate

No O2 present O2 present
Fermentation Cellular respiration

MITOCHONDRION

Ethanol Acetyl CoA

or
lactate
Citric
acid
cycle
LE 9-19
Proteins Carbohydrates Fats

Amino Sugars Glycerol Fatty

acids acids

Glycolysis
Glucose

Glyceraldehyde-3- P

NH3 Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Citric
acid
cycle

Oxidative
phosphorylation
LE 9-20
Glucose

AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
–
–
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits Inhibits

Pyruvate

ATP Citrate
Acetyl CoA

Citric
acid
cycle

Oxidative
phosphorylation