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PROTECTION
R.J. Phansalkar
R&D , C&S Electric
Objective & Contents
Objective
Contents
• Some basic things about transformers
• General things about Power Transformers.
• Reasons of Transformer Failures/Protection overview
• Discussions on different topics including Differential
Protection , Through Fault , Phasor Diagrams etc.
Some common Questions
• Vector Diagram
No load current . Magnetizing current Im , Iw ,secondary
current , effect of secondary current on primary side etc
Transformer operation
Transformer Action
• Transformer
universal EMF equation
• If the flux in the core is
purely sinusoidal, the
relationship for either
winding between its rms
voltage Erms of the
winding , and the supply
frequency f, number of
turns N, core cross-
sectional a
• Erms=4.44 f B a N
Categorization of
Transformers
Types of
Transformers
• The transformers which need
Power Transformer protection are the transformers
used in the power system in
distribution and transmission
Current transformers CT network
• CTs and PTs are used to
measure the currents and
Potential Transformer PT voltages in the power system
and their purpose is entirely
different that the Power
Autotransformer (Variac) Transformers
• The basic principle of working
remains same for all types of
transformers
Power Transformer
Winding
Tap
Changer
Bushing
Terminal
board
Miscleneous
Failure statistics
East
Failure Statistics
Failure statistics
40 • Failure statistics over the last
35 several years show that winding
30 failure is the main reason of failure
25 followed by failure in Tap changer
20
15 and bushings
10
• Misclenious failures include core
5 Failures
0
failure failures during
Bushing
Windings
Tap Changers
transportation etc
Miscleneous
Terminal boards
This category pertains to those cases where actual overloading could be established as the cause
of the failure. It includes only those transformers that experienced a sustained load that exceeded
the nameplate capacity.
5 Fire /Explosion – 3 out of 94
This category pertains to those cases where a fire or explosion outside the transformer can be
established as the cause of the failure. This does not include internal failures that resulted in a fire
or explosion.
6 Line Surge – 4 out of 94
7 This category includes switching surges, voltage spikes, line faults/flashovers, and other T&D
abnormalities. This significant portion of transformer failures suggests that more attention should
be given to surge protection, or the adequacy of coil clamping and short circuit strength.
8 Maintenance /Operation 5 out of 94
Inadequate or improper maintenance and operation was a major cause of transformer failures,
when you include overloading, loose connections and moisture. This category includes
disconnected or improperly set controls, loss of coolant, accumulation of dirt & oil, and corrosion.
Inadequate maintenance has to bear the blame for not discovering incipient troubles when there
was ample time to correct it.
Causes of Transformer Failures
9 Flood – 2 out of 94
The flood category includes failures caused by inundation of the transformer due to man-made or
natural caused floods. It also includes mudslides.
10 Loose Connections – 6 out of 94
This category includes workmanship and maintenance in making electrical connections. One
problem is the improper mating of dissimilar metals, although this has decreased somewhat in
recent years. Another problem is improper torquing of bolted connections. Loose connections
could be included in the maintenance category, but we customarily report it separately.
11 Lightning - 3 out of 94
Lightning surges are considerably fewer in number than previous studies we have published.
Unless there is confirmation of a lightning strike, a surge type failure is categorized as “Line
Surge”.
12 Moisture 1 out of 94
The moisture category includes failures caused by leaky pipes, leaking roofs, water entering the
tanks through leaking bushings or fittings, and confirmed presence of moisture in the insulating oil.
Moisture could be included in the inadequate maintenance or the insulation failure category
above, but we customarily report it separately.
Transformer protection
If the primary voltage is +ve at the dotted end of the winding with respect to
the undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be +ve at the dotted end
also. Voltage polarities are the same with respect to the dots on each side
of the core.
If the primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the
primary winding, the secondary current will flow out of the dotted end of
secondary winding.
ANSI Device Numbers
67 Directional OC
Device Description
• The longer the through fault lasts the greater the risk of
evolving it into an internal fault of the transformer.
INTERNAL
• Winding Phase-Phase , Phase-Ground faults
Differential (87T),
overcurrent (51, 51N)
Restricted ground fault protection (87RGF)
• Winding inter-turn faults Differential (87T),
Buchholz relay,
Core insulation failure, shorted laminations
Differential (87T),
Buchholz relay,
sudden pressure relay
• Tank faults
Differential (87T),
Buchholz relay and tank-ground protection
• Over fluxing Volts/Hz (24)
EXTERNAL
• Overloads Thermal (49)OvervoltageOvervoltage (59)
• Overfluxing Volts/Hz (24)
• External system short circuitsTime overcurrent (51, 51G), Instantaneous overcurrent (50, 50G)
Transformer Inrush Current
• The transformer inrush current refers to the transient
exciting current resulting from a sudden change in the
exciting voltage
• The inrush occurs
1 at the instant of energisation
2 at the instant of clearing of external
fault(recovery inrush)
3 During the inrush period of another nearby
transformer (sympathetic inrush)
Transformer Energization
• Terminal faults
Open leads, loose
connections,
short circuit
Transformer Faults
• Tank fault
Tank -ground
Factors leading to Possible errors
Why the relay can see wrong differential currents even
when there is no fault
1 Tap changing ratio
2 Errors in the CT measurement due to slight mismatch
in the CTs
3 Through fault of high value leading to CT saturation
and hence measurement error
• But now a days for numerical relays these interposing CTs are not
used and current mismatch is offset in software settings of numerical
relays.
Why interposing CTs are not required in
Microcontroller based Relays ?
• The vectors required for the comparison are
phase shifted and these can appropriately be
obtained from the scanned input data.
• 36 samples are taken thus each sample is 10
degree phase shifted from the previous sample.
Interposing CTs basically do the phase shifting
im steps of 30 degrees before electrical signals
are compared .It is easy to get the values of the
waveform at desired angles in microcontroller
employong desired logic in the software .
Transformer Vector groups ..…sailent points
In addition there are 4 2 configurations auto and zigzag which are not
discussed
Explanation of Designations
• The primary and secondary windings on the same limb of the core
are shown with same color.
THANKS