 is the formal enactment of laws by

competent authority and in the proper

manner.

 Most important source of law (modern times)

 In the Philippines, it is one of the three

principal source of law. The other 2 are court
decisions/jurisprudence and custom.
 As source of laws, it has many advantages :
 1. Makes the law clear, definite and formal
 2. Laws can be repealed with greater speed and with
certainty.

 Codification
 Most modern form
 Is the systematic and logical compilation of all the
statutes on a certain subject of law
 The Congress is the national legislature of the
Philippines.

 Bicameral body
 House of Representative (The Lower House)
297 congressmen
 Senate ( The Upper House)
24 Senators
 House of Representative
(The Lower House)

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, July 23, 2018

 Senate
( The Upper House)
Vicente C. Sotto III
May 21, 2018
 Article VI, 1987 Constitution

“The Legislative Department”

 Congress is responsible for making enabling
laws to make sure the spirit of the
constitution is upheld in the country and, at
times, amend or change the constitution
itself. In order to craft laws, the legislative
body comes out with two main documents:
bills and resolutions
 Bills
 Laws in the making
 Pass into laws when approved by both Houses and the
President of the Philippines

 Resolutions
 convey principles and sentiments of the Houses.
 Resolutions
 Joint
▪ require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the
signature of the President, and have the force and effect of a
law if approved.
 Concurrent
▪ used for matters affecting the operations of both chambers of
Congress and must be approved in the same form by both
houses, but are not transmitted to the President for his
signature and therefore have no force and effect of a law
 Resolutions
 Simple
▪ deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one
chamber of Congress, are not referred to the President for his
signature, and therefore have no force and effect of a law.
 Resolutions
 Simple
▪ deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one
chamber of Congress, are not referred to the President for his
signature, and therefore have no force and effect of a law.
 Sec 26, par. 1, 1987 Constitution
 “Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only
one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof”

 Upon becoming a law, they are called Republic Acts

(R.A) and are consecutively numbered.
 Sec 26, par. 2, 1987 Constitution
 “No bill passed by either House shall become a law
unless it has passed three readings on separate days,
and printed copies thereof in its final form have been
distributed to its Members three days before its
passage, except when the President certifies to the
necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public
calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill,
no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote
thereon shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the
yeas and nays entered in the Journal”
 Sec 27, par. 1, 1987 Constitution
 “Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law,
be presented to the President. If he approves the same, he shall
sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his
objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the
objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If,
after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such
House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with
the objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise be
reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of
that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of
each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names
of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its
Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to
the House where it originated within thirty days after the date of
receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had
signed it”
 Sec 27, par. 1, 1987 Constitution
 “The President shall have the power to veto any
particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or
tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items
to which he does not object.”
 The following is a summary of how a bill
becomes a law: