Lecture 39 - Design of Two-Way

Floor Slab System

December 6, 2002
CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals

• Example of DDM
• Footing Classification
• Footing Design
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Using the direct design method,
design the typical exterior flat-
slab panel with drop down
panels only. All panels are
supported on 20 in. square
columns, 12 ft long. The slab
carries a uniform service live
load of 80 psf and service dead
load that consists of 24 psf of
finished in addition to the slab
self-weight. Use fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The thickness of the slab is
found using

 12 in 
24 *    20 in
 
ln
  ft   8.12 in No panels
33 33
 12 in 
24 *    20 in
 
ln
  ft   7.44 in  8.0 in
36 36
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
From the ACI Code limitation:
1. For panels with discontinuous edges, end beams
with a minimum a equal to 0.8 must be used;
otherwise the minimum slab thickness calculated
by the equations must be increased by at least 10%.
2. When drop panels are used without beams, the
minimum slab thickness may be reduced by 10 %.
The drop panels should extend in each direction
from the centerline of support a distance not less
than one-sixth of the span length in that direction
between center to center of supports and also
project below the slab at least h/4.
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
From the ACI Code limitation:
3. Regardless of the values obtained for the equations,
the thickness of two-way slabs shall not be less
than the following:

1. For slabs without beams or drop panels, 5 in.

2. for slabs without beams but with drop
panels, 4 in.
3. for slabs with beams on all four sides with
am > 2.0, 3.5 in. and for am < 2.0, 5 in. (ACI
Code 9.5.3)
Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Therefore, the panel thickness is
h 8 in.
h  8 in.   10 in.
4 4
The panel half width are at least L/6 in length.
L 24 ft
  4 ft
6 6
L 20 ft
  3.33 ft  3.5 ft
6 6
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Therefore, the drop down panel thickness is 10 in.
and has 7 ft x 8 ft.
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The load on the slab is given as:
 1 ft 
Slab load  24 lb/ft 2   8 in.   150 lb/ft 3
 124 lb/ft 2

 12 in. 
wu  1.2 124 lb/ft 2   1.6  80 lb/ft 2   276.8 lb/ft 2

The load on the panel is

 1 ft 
Panel load  24 lb/ft 2  10 in.   150 lb/ft 3
 149 lb/ft 2

 12 in. 
wu  1.2 149 lb/ft 2   1.6  80 lb/ft 2   306.8 lb/ft 2
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The drop panel length is L/3 in each direction, then the
average wu is

wu   276.8 lb/ft    306.8 lb/ft 2   286.8 lb/ft 2

2 2 1
3 3
Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at center column is
d  10 in.  0.75 in.  0.5 in.
 8.75 in.

bo  420 in.  8.75 in. 

 115 in.
Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at center column is

   1 ft   
2

Vu   0.287 k/ft    24 ft  20 ft    28.75 in. 

2
  
   12 in.   
 
 136.1 k

Vc   4 f c bo d 

 0.75 4 4000 115 in. 8.75 in. 
 190.9 k  Vu OK.
Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at panel is
d  8 in.  0.75 in.  0.5 in.
 6.75 in.
  12 in.  
bo  2 8 ft.    6.75 in. 
   
  1 ft.  
  12 in.  
 2 7 ft.    6.75 in. 
   
  1 ft.  
 387 in.
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The punch out shear at panel is
   1 ft    1 ft   
Vu   0.287 k/ft    24 ft  20 ft   102.75 in. 
2
  90.75 in.  
   12 in.    12 in. 
 119.2 k

Vc   4 f c bo d 

 0.75 4 4000  387 in. 6.75 in. 
 495.6 k  Vu OK.

One way shear is not critical.

Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Moment Mo for the two directions are:

Long  0.287 k/ft  20 ft    22.33 ft 

2 2

direction M o  8
 357.9 k-ft

Short  0.287 k/ft  24 ft   18.33 ft 

2 2

direction M o  8
 289.4 k-ft
Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The column strip will be 10 ft. (20 ft /4 = 5ft),
therefore the middle strips for long section is 10 ft and
the middle strip for the short section will be 14 ft.

The average d for d  10 in.  1.5 in.

the panel section  8.5 in.

The average d for

d  8 in.  1.5 in.
the slab section  6.5 in.
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The factored
components of the
moment for the beam
(long) is similar to an
interior beam.

Negative – Moment 0.65  357.9 k-ft   232.6 k-ft

Positive + Moment 0.35  357.9 k-ft   125.3 k-ft
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Components on the beam (long) interior.

Column Strip
Negative – Moment 0.75  232.6 k-ft   174.5 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.60 125.3 k-ft   75.2 k-ft
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Components on the beam (long) interior.

Middle Strip
Negative – Moment 0.25  232.6 k-ft   58.2 k-ft
Positive + Moment 0.40 125.3 k-ft   50.2 k-ft
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Computing the reinforcement uses:

Mu
Ru 
bd 2

R u   w f c 1  0.59 w  w2  1.70 w 

1.7 * R u
0
 fc

 1.7 * R 
1.70  1.7   4 u 
2
 
  fc  f y wf c
w w 
2 fc fy
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =8.5 in.
and Mu = 174.5 k-ft
 12 in. 
174.5 k-ft  
Mu
Ru  2   1 ft 
 0.242 ksi
120 in.8.5 in.
2
bd
1.7 *0.242 ksi
w  1.70w 
2
0
0.9  4 ksi 
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Compute the reinforcement need for the internal moment
in long direction. Strip width b =120 in. (10 ft) d =8.5 in.
and Mu = 174.5 k-ft

1.70  1.7   4  0.1141

2

w  0.0700
2
wf c 0.0700  4 ksi 
   0.00466
fy 60 ksi
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 8.5 in., and h = 10 in.

As   bd  0.00466 120 in. 8.5 in.  4.76 in 2

As min   0.0018bh  0.0018 120 in.10 in.  2.16 in 2
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
The area of the steel reinforcement for a strip width
b =120 in. (10 ft), d = 8.5 in., and As = 4.76 in2. Use
a #5 bar (Ab = 0.31 in2 )

As 4.76 in 2
# bars   2
 15.3  Use 16 bars
Ab 0.31 in
120 in.
s  7.5 in. Maximum spacing is 2(h)
16 or 18 in.
So 7.5 in. < 18 in. OK
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Column Strip Middle Strip
The long direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment (k-ft) 174.5 75.2 58.2 50.2
b (in) 120 120 120 120
d (in) 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
h (in) 10 8 8 8
fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 4 4 4 4
Ru (ksi) 0.24152 0.17799 0.13775 0.11882
w 0.06997 0.05097 0.03917 0.03367
 0.00466 0.00340 0.00261 0.00224
As (in2) 4.76 2.65 2.04 1.75
As(min) (in2) 2.16 1.73 1.73 1.73
# bars req 15.35 13.25 10.18 8.75
spacing (in) 7.50 8.57 10.91 13.33
Use
# bars 16 #5 15 #4 10 #4 10 #4
spacing (in) 7.5 8 12 12
 Example –Two-way Slab (Panels)
Column Strip Middle Strip
The short direction
Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment (k-ft) 141.1 60.8 47.1 40.5
b (in) 120 120 168 168
d (in) 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
h (in) 10 8 8 8
fy (ksi) 60 60 60 60
fc (ksi) 3 3 3 3
Ru (ksi) 0.19529 0.14391 0.07963 0.06847
w 0.07570 0.05508 0.03002 0.02575
 0.00379 0.00275 0.00150 0.00129
As (in2) 3.86 2.15 1.64 1.41
As(min) (in2) 2.16 1.73 2.42 2.42
# bars req 12.45 10.74 12.10 12.10
spacing (in) 9.23 10.91 12.92 12.92
Use
# bars 16 #5 12 #4 14 #4 14 #4
spacing (in) 7.5 10 12 12
Footings
 Footings
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
 Types of Footings

Wall footings are used to

support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.
 Types of Footings

Isolated or single footings

are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.
 Types of Footings
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when tow columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
 Types of Footings

Cantilever or strap footings

consist of two single footings
connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single
columns. This type replaces a
combined footing and is more
economical.
 Types of Footings

Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
 Types of Footings
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
 Types of Footings

Pile caps are thick slabs

used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.
 Distribution of Soil Pressure

When the column load P is

applied on the centroid of the
footing, a uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform,
but depends on may factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of the footing.
 Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil. cohesive soil.
 Design Considerations

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads

and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two-way shear or punch out shear.
3. One-way bearing
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
 Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column loads
and transmit them to the soil safely while satisfying
code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
 Size of Footings
The area of footing can be determined from the actual
external loads such that the allowable soil pressure is
not exceeded.
Total load including self - weight 
Area of footing 
allowable soil pressure
Strength design requirements
Pu
qu 
area of footing
 Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
For two-way shear in slabs (& footings) Vc is smallest of
 
Vc   2   f c b0 d
4
ACI 11-35
 bc 
where, bc = long side/short side of column concentrated
load or reaction area < 2
b0 = length of critical perimeter around the
column

When b > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced.

 Design of two-way shear

1. Assume d.
2. Determine b0.
b0 = 4(c+d) for square columns
where one side = c

b0 = 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)

for rectangular
columns of sides c1
and c2.
 Design of two-way shear

3. The shear force Vu acts at a

section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d) or 2(c1+d) +2(c2+d)
and a depth d; the section is
subjected to a vertical downward
load Pu and vertical upward
pressure qu.
Vu  Pu  qu  c  d  for square columns
2

Vu  Pu  qu  c1  d  c2  d  for rectangular columns

 Design of two-way shear

4. Allowable Vc  4 f c b0 d

Let Vu=Vc
Vu
d
4 f c b0
If d is not close to the assumed d,
revise your assumptions
 Design of one-way shear

For footings with bending

action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of column

Vc  2 f c b0 d
 Design of one-way shear

The ultimate shearing force at

section m-m can be calculated
L c 
Vu  qu b   d 
 
2 2 
If no shear reinforcement is to be
used, then d can be checked
 Design of one-way shear

If no shear reinforcement is
to be used, then d can be
checked, assuming Vu = Vc

Vu
d
2 f c b
 Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The bending moment in each
direction of the footing must be
checked and the appropriate
reinforcement must be provided.
Mu
As 
 a 
f y  d  
 
 2
 Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
Another approach is to
calculated Ru = Mu / bd2 and
determine the steel percentage
required  . Determine As then
check if assumed a is close to
calculated a
f y As
a
0.85 f c b
 Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The minimum steel percentage
required in flexural members is
200/fy with minimum area and
maximum spacing of steel bars
in the direction of bending shall
be as required for shrinkage
temperature reinforcement.
 Flexural Strength and Footing
reinforcement
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing.
Reinforcem ent in band width 2

Total reinforcem ent in short direction b 1

long side of footing

where b
short side of footing
 Bearing Capacity of Column at Base

The loads from the column act on the footing at the

base of the column, on an area equal to area of the
column cross-section. Compressive forces are
transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the
concrete. Tensile forces must be resisted by
reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.
 Bearing Capacity of Column at Base
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column
must not exceed the bearing strength of the concrete

N1   0.85 f c A1 

where  = 0.65 and

A1 =bearing area of column
 Bearing Capacity of Column at Base
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a
factor A2 / A1  2.0 for bearing on footing when the
supporting surface is wider on all sides than the loaded
area.
The modified bearing
strength

N 2   0.85 f c A1  A2 / A1
N 2  2 0.85 f c A1 
 Dowels in Footings

A minimum steel ratio  = 0.005 of the column section

as compared to  = 0.01 as minimum reinforcement for
the column itself. The number of dowel bars needed is
four these may be placed at the four corners of the
column. The dowel bars are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed
the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column by
more than 0.15 in.
 Development length of the
Reinforcing Bars
The development length for compression bars was given

ld  0.02 f y d b / fc

but not less than

0.003 f y d b  8 in.

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development

length.
 Differential Settlement
Footing usually support the following loads:

1. Dead loads from the substructure and superstructure

2. Live load resulting from material or occupancy
3. Weight of material used in back filling
4. Wind loads
General Requirements for Footing Design

1. A site investigation is required to determine the

chemical and physical properties of the soil.
2. Determine the magnitude and distribution of
loads form the superstructure.
3. Establish the criteria and the tolerance for the
total and differential settlements of the structure.
General Requirements for Footing Design

4. Determine the most suitable and economic type

of foundation.
5. Determine the depth of the footings below the
ground level and the method of excavation.
6. Establish the allowable bearing pressure to be
used in design.
General Requirements for Footing Design

7. Determine the pressure distribution beneath the

footing based on its width
8. Perform a settlement analysis.
 Example
Design a plain concrete footing to support a 16 in.
thick concrete wall. The load on the wall consist of
16 k/ft dead load (including the self-weight of wall)
and a 10 k/ft live load the base of the footing is 4 ft
below final grade. fc = 3 ksi and the allowable soil
pressure = 5 k/ft2