*Describe and determine various

properties of fluids.
*Explain the hydrostatic principles and
their application in Civil Engineering
field
*Explain the hydrodynamics principles
and their application in Civil
Engineering field
*PROPERTIES OF FLUID

*HYDROSTATICS
– FLUID PRESSURE
– BUOYANCY

*HYDRODYNAMICS
– FLUID FLOW AND ITS MEASUREMENT
– CONCEPT OF MOMENTUM IN FLUID FLOW
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT:
* 1 TEST 30%
* ASSIGNMENT 10%
* FINAL EXAMINATION 60%

TOTAL : 100%
Munson, B.R., Young, D.F., and
Okishi, T.A, 2017
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics,
Global Ed. ,WileyPlus
At the end of this week students will be able to:

differentiate the unit and dimensions use in engineering

fluids (CO1)

understand various properties of fluids (CO1)

Properties of fluid
* Fluid is gasses liquid and solid.
* By definition : A fluid is a substance which
deforms continuously under the action of
shearing forces , however small they may be
* A fluid will not only flow under its own weight
it also incapable of retaining any unsupported
shape
* Engineering applications hardly analyse fluids
at molecular level
* Main concern is the bulk behaviour of fluid
because dimensions involved in engineering
problems are very large such that the fluid
particles distance are negligible
* It is reasonable to consider fluid as a
continuum
* Continuum – continuous substance where
quantities such as velocity and pressure can be
taken as constant at any section irrespective of
the individual fluid particle velocity or pressure
Units and dimensions commonly used in the analysis of
fluid mechanics problems are:
* S. I Units (m, kg, s)
* c. g. s. Systems of Unit (cm, g, s)
* Imperial Units (ft, lb, s)
* Length – L
* Mass – M
* Time - T
* Force - F

* Example: …….give an equation…….

Density, r = mass/volume
= m/v
Unit = kg/m3
* Specific gravity, SG

= Density of fluid
density of water at 4 0 C

= rf / 1000
Specific weight, g
= Density x acceleration due to
gravitational force
= rg
Unit = N/m3
Weight, W
= mass x acceleration due
to gravitational force
= mg
Unit = N
Pressure, P = Force / Area
= F/A
or P = gh

(where h = depth , piezometer height)

Unit = N/m2
Specific volume, Vs
= 1 / Density
= 1/r
Unit = m3/kg
Dynamic viscosity, m = t / (dV/dy)
Where:
t = shear stress
m = Dynamic viscosity
dV = change of velocity
dy = change of height/depth
Unit = Ns/m2
Kinematics viscosity,
n = m / r

UNIT = m2/s
Bulk Modulus of elasticity (E or K) expresses the
compressibility of the fluids.

Elasticity (E,K)
= change of pressure / (- volumetric strain)
= dP / -(dV/V)
where
K,E = modulus of elasticity
dP = change of pressure
dV = change of volume
V = original volume
* All liquids tend to evaporate or vaporize (projecting
molecules into the space above their surfaces)
* In equilibrium condition, vapor pressure is called
saturation pressure
* Molecules which moves above the surfaces of liquid exert
pressure (which is called vapor pressure) in the confined
space
Surface tension, s = DP r / 2

Where :
r = radius of the droplet
DP = pressure within the droplet of
liquid
The height above which the liquid column rises can be determined
from the consideration of forces acting on the liquid column.

For a vertical equilibrium,

upwards force = downwards force
2 r sCos  = r2h g
h
Therefore, height of liquid rises,

h = 2 sCos  / g r
Where: s = surface tension
r = radius
 = angle of deflection
* For water, = 00
* For mercury, = 1400
END OF CHAPTER 1

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