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Intercellular communication
can take place either directly
or indirectly;
Indirect – extracellular
chemical messenger or signal
molecules.
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TYPES OF CELL SIGNALING
DIRECT INDIRECT
CM binds to R → signal transduction
Gap Junctions
Paracrines Hormones
Surface Marker Autocrines (Endocrine/Exocrine))
Neurohormones
(Nervous)
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TYPES OF CELL SIGNALING
1. DIRECT
• via gap junctions
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GAP JUNCTIONS
• Gap junctions – specialized
protein complexes that create an
aqueous pore between two
adjacent cells.
Do not gain entry to the blood in any significant quantity because they
are rapidly inactivated by locally existing enzymes.
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INDIRECT SIGNALING
Indirect / Short Distance (Autocrines)
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INDIRECT SIGNALING
Indirect / Long Distance (Hormones – Endocrine/Exocrine)
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TYPES OF CELL SIGNALING
Feature Autocrine/ Nervous Endocrine Exocrine
Paracrine
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TYPES OF RECEPTORS
Transmembrane
receptors
Intracellular receptors
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.
TYPE OF CM
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic messengers
bind to carrier proteins in the
blood
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LIGAND-RECEPTOR
INTERACTION
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LIGAND-RECEPTOR
INTERACTION
Ligand binds to its receptor
Conformational change
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LIGAND-RECEPTOR
INTERACTION
Target cells vary in the number of receptors.
Target cells with ↑ concentrations of receptor will be
more sensitive to the presence of the ligand.
The number of receptors on the target cells can
change over time – dynamics.
Number of receptors
Times
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LIGAND-RECEPTOR
DYNAMICS
Down-regulation is a phenomenon to maintain homeostasis,
where the number of receptors on the target cells decreases
in an attempt to reduce the intensity of the signal.
4 components;
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INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS
Intracellular receptors are Regulate the transcription of
receptors located inside the target genes by binding to
cells. specific DNA sequences, and
increasing or decreasing mRNA
production.
Classic hormone that use IR
include thyroid and steroids
hormones.
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G-PROTEIN-COUPLED
RECEPTORS
Found only in
eukaryotes.
Ligands; pheromones,
neurotransmitter,
odors, hormones.
Involves in many
critical physiological
functions & diseases.
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TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are drugs used for
controlling high blood pressure, treating heart failure and
preventing kidney failure. Predict the possible mechanism.
REVIEW
TYPE OF CM
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
G-protein
Ligand gated Receptor
couple
ion channels enzyme
receptor
- Ionotropic receptor - 2nd messenger
Transducers
Receptor enzyme
Chemical messenger
Positive Cellular
Feedback
HOMEOSTASIS communication Direct
Upregulation Downregulation
DIRECT INDIRECT
Via gap junction
Hydrophilic Hydrophobic
Ligand G-protein
Receptor
gated ion couple
enzyme
channels receptor
Nervous System vs Endocrine System
Properties Nervous System Endocrine System
Anatomic Arrangement A wired system – a specific A wireless system –
structural arrangement exists endocrine glands are widely
between neuron and their target dispersed and not structurally
cells related to one another or to
their target cells
Chemical Messenger Neurotransmitters released into Hormones released into the
the synaptic cleft blood
Distance of Action of Short distance (diffuses across Long distance (carried by the
The CM the synaptic cleft) blood)
Specificity of Action on Dependent on the close Dependent on the specificity
The Target Cell anatomic relationship between of target cell binding and
neurons and their target cell responsiveness to a
particular hormones
Speed of Response Rapid (milliseconds) Slow (minutes to hours)
Duration of Action Brief (milliseconds) Long (minutes to days or
longer)
Major Functions Coordinates rapid and precise Control activities that require
responses long duration rather than
speed.
Endocrine System (Hormonal Communication)
Reproduction
Stress
Electrolyte Balance
STEROID HORMONES
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STEROID HORMONES
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SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE
HORMONES
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Synthesis, Storage & Secretion of
Peptide Hormones
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Synthesis, Storage & Secretion of
Peptide Hormones
1. Pre-hormones
2. During th
3. The Golgi
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Synthesis, Storage & Secretion of
Steroids Hormones
1. Cholesterol is the common precursor for all steroid
hormones.
2. Synthesis o
3. Each conversion
Hypothalamic-pituitary
portal system
Hypothalamic Neurohormones
Regulate Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Hypothalamic
Neurohormones
Prolactin
Prolactin regulating the secretion of milk from the
mammary glands in mammals.
Hypothalamus
(PRH or PIH/Dopamine)
Anterior Pituitary
(Prolactin)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
The majority of anterior pituitary hormones (in contrast to
prolactin) participate in third order feedback loops.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF
INSULIN
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF
INSULIN
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REGULATION OF
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
The second major hormone
involved in glucose homeostasis
is glucagon.
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BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF
GLUCAGON
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REGULATION OF
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
REGULATION OF
GLUCOSE METABOLISM
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
- Glucagon - Insulin
- Epinephrine
- Cortisol
- Growth hormone
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REGULATION OF GLUCOSE
METABOLISM
EFFECT ON
HORMONE TISSUE OF ORIGIN METABOLIC EFFECT
BLOOD GLUCOSE
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THE VERTEBRATE
STRESS RESPONSE
Detect the stimulus
When an animals detects the
presence of an alarming stimulus
(such as a predator), sensory
nerves send a signal to the brain. Send the signal
Brain (integrate
The brain acts as an integrating the signal)
center that takes information from Motor nerves
Adrenal medulla
Together, these responses help to
Epinephrine
provide the skeletal muscles with
the oxygen they need to contract
and thus engage in the ‘fight or Muscle, heart
flight’ response.
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THE VERTEBRATE
STRESS RESPONSE
Detect the stimulus
The sympathetic nervous system
also affects the activity of several
endocrine glands.
Send the signal
Sympathetic nervous system Brain (integrate
reduces the release of insulin and the signal)
Adrenal medulla
Target tissues respond to the
Epinephrine
change in insulin and glucagon by
increasing blood glucose.
Muscle, heart
Brain (integrate
Epinephrine and norepinephrine the signal)
exert similar pharmacological Motor nerves