CHAPTER 5

Prepared by: Iziel Mae Padilla

 BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, HOOKS,
AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT
• Bond
- concrete and steel works as a unit
- there must be no slippage of the bars in relation to the surrounding concrete
• Development length
• Development length of straight bars
- necessary to assure that the bar can be stressed to its yield point with some
reserved to insure member toughness
- a function of bar diameter (db), yield point (fy), and concrete strength (fc)
 BASIC CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
In the basic concept of anchorage length, a bar is embedded in a mass of
concrete as shown. Under initial loading, the actual bond stress will be larger near the
surface and nearly zero at the embedded end. Near failure, the bond stress along the
bar will be more uniformly distributed. If the average bond stress at ultimate is u, then
 According to Section 5.12.1, calculated tension or compression in
reinforcement at each section of reinforced concrete members shall be developed on
each side of that section by embedment length, hook or mechanical device, or a
combination thereof. Hooks may be used in developing bars in tension only
The Code provides the basic development length ldb for various situations. The
values provided by the code have to be modified for different condition. Thus, the
minimum development length Ld required by the code can be expressed as

but shall not be less than 300 mm, except for the lengths required for tension lap
splices and for the development of shear reinforcing
BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS IN
TENSION
According to Section 5.12.2 of the Code, the basic development shall be:
 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR BARS IN TENSION
Basic development length ldb shall be multiplied by the applicable modification
factors m for the following conditions:
 BASIC DEVELOPMENT OF BARS IN
COMPRESSION
According to Section 5.12.3.2 of the Code, the basic development for bars in
compression shall be:
 MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR BARS IN
COMPRESSION
Basic development length ldb may be multiplied by applicable factors for:
 DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLED BARS

• Development length of individual bars within a bundled, in tension~ or compression,

shall be that for the individual bar, increased 20 percent for three bar bundle, and 33
percent for four-bar bundle.

• For determining the appropriate modification factors, a unit of bundled bars shall be
treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area.
 PROBLEM 5.1

A rectangular beam 260 mm by 580 mm is reinforced with four 25

mm diameter top bars, with strength fy = 375 MPa, to resist tensile stress.
If the concrete strength fc is 21 MPa, calculate the required development
length.
 SOLUTION
Basic development length for 25 mm diameter bar: