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Tsunami MP.11
Outdoor Point-to-Multipoint
Path
Antenna Propagation Antenna
Radio Radio
(Transmitter) (Receiver)
time
period
(cycle)
Unwiring the Network
Wavelength
A B
dBm express absolute output power as they are relative to an output power
level equal to 1mW:
dBm = 10 Log (mW/1)
Pt = 1 mW = 0 dBm
Pt = 250 mW = 24.0 dBm
Pt = 32 mW = 15 dBm
Typical Receiver Sensitivity Pr = -90 dBm
Conversion equations
x(dbm) = 10logy(mW)
y(mW) = 10x(dBm)/10
100 W 50 dBm
10 W 40 dBm
2W 33 dBm
1W 30 dBm
100 mW 20 dBm
1 mW 0 dBm
100 uW -10 dBm
Without obstructions and with high intensity and beam focus, RF can travel
long distances, and determined by:
Power is measure of strength
Characteristic of the transmitter
Gain is measure of directivity
Characteristic of the antenna
Transmitting source
(e.g., car headlight)
Signal is more concentrated
Point A Point B at Point A than at Point B
RF can pass through materials which will change it’s direction of travel
(called ‘refraction’)
RF can pass through materials which will diffuse the energy (scatter) to a
wider beam
Away from
Air (medium 1) Perpendicular
Observer
Apparent
Position
Water (medium 2)
Actual Position
6GHz
Cloudburst
0° 180° 360°
270°
x
_
2x
_
-x
_
+ =
x
_
-2x
_
-x _
x
_
-x
_
+ =
x _
-x _
Note: The lower the frequency, the better it will travel through obstacles
First
Fres
nel Z
Direct
Path =
one
L
Reflec
ted pa
th = L
+ l/2
Food Mart
Horizontally Polarized
Yagi
1 Reflector
Directors
1/4 l X 1/4 l
infinite dipoles Patch
Active Element
1/4 l plate conductor on reflector
6dBi
Parabolic
1 m X 50 cm - 24 dBi
1 m full - 27 dBi
2m full - 31 dBi
3m full - 37 dBi
4 element - 12 dBi
12 element - 17 dB
Unwiring the Network
Directional antenna types
Sectoral
12 dBi - 120°
16 dBi - 90°
TA-2308 TA-2308
Elevation Pattern Azimuth Pattern
0
0
-15
-15
-20
-20
-30
-30
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
180
180
-15
-20
-15
-30 -20
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
-30
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
180
180
TA-2304-120-T0 TA-2304-120-T0
Azimuth Pattern Elevation Pattern
0
0
-15
-15
-20
-20
-30
-30
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
270 0 -3 -6 -10 dB 90
180
180
Gain in dBi
Pattern , Azimuth (Horizontal) and Elevation (Vertical) shown in Polar
diagram dB loss per angle
Impedance at operating Frequency (50 ohms)
Bandwidth, gain vs frequency graph
Front to back ratio - signal behind a directional antenna
Mechanical properties, weather resistance, mounting methods
AM
Radio UHF TV Remote Controls
550 - 1700kHz 460-600MHz 100GHz-500THz Medical X-ray
FM Radio
Sound 88-108 MHz Light
20Hz - 20kHz VHF TV 700THz - 1000THz
54-220 MHz
License-exempt
Anyone can use
No coordination or registration required
Opportunity for interference, which the user must work around
Local rules apply and need to be followed:
EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) limititations
Frequency Channel definitions (width of the channel, what channels to use etc.)
Radar avoidance
Owned
Purchased spectrum, usually in a given region, usually by auction
Owner needs to self-coordinate intra-system interference potential
Some coordination may be needed with neighboring owners
Rules by UK regulation
Used by 802.11a or proprietary products
Available Outdoor only
Max EIRP : 2 W (33 dBm)
Requires Transmit Power Control (TPC)
Requires Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
5 Channels
Approved in the UK only for fixed link
European Union investigating expanding UK experiment to all Europe, up to 4 watt
Interference is the reception of signals from sources other than the intended
source
The source of the interference may be from a closer and/or stronger signal level
compared to the desired signal impacting the ability of the system to receive the
desired signal properly
Interference can be caused by energy that is at the same frequency as the
signal that you wish to receive, or can be at a nearby frequency with enough
energy to ‘leak’ into the receiver
Interference can also be caused by energy that is a completely different
frequency from that which you wish to receive. High-powered transmitters can
radiate ‘harmonics’ where they are also inadvertently transmitting energy that
is a multiple of the intended transmitter frequency
1-piece configuration
Transmission Transmission
Line (Loss) Line (Loss)
RSL
Radio Radio
(Output Power) (Threshold)
System Gain
The difference between the output
Output
power and the threshold
Power
Fade Margin
The difference between the received
signal level and the threshold
System
Gain
The predicted amount of time the system will be operating above threshold
Availability is the primary design criteria for outdoor wireless systems
Examples:
99.999% = 5.26 minutes/year outage
99.995% = 26.28 minutes/year outage
99.950% = 262.8 minutes/year outage