Mila Citrawati

FK UPN Veteran
Jakarta
Boyle’s Law

P =1/V
Plays role in process of inspiration n
expiration
Laplace’s Law
P = 2T/r
Pressure inside a spherical structure is directly
proportional to tension in wall and inversely
proportional to radius of sphere

Without surfactan, surface tension in both alveoli (small

and large) is the same. A greater pressure is required to
keep small alveolus open. Small alveolus tends to
empty into larger one
Poiseuille’s Law
Resistance to laminar flow is inversely proportional to
tube radius to the 4th power and directly proportional
to the length of the tube. When radius is halved,
resistance is increased 16-fold. If driving pressure is
constant, flow will fall to one sixteenth. Doubling
length only doubles resistance. If driving pressure is
constant, flow will fall to one half
Dalton’s Law
Partial pressure of a gas is the pressure contributed by a
single gas in a mixture of gases. Each of the gases
contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its
relative abundance.

Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) = PN2 (78,6%) +

PO2 (20,9%) + PH2O (0,5%) + PCO2 (0,04%)
Henry’s Law
The amount of a particular gas in solution is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
Control of Respiration
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial
PCO2. Elevated PCO2 of arterial blood stimulate
central brainstem chemoreceptors via changes in the
pH of cerebrospinal and brain interstitial fluid.

Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies)

sense changes in the arterial blood PCO2, PO2, and
ph, and send signals via the glossopharyngeal and
vagus nerves to the brainstem respiratory centers
Control of Respiration
1. Inadequate ventilation for bodily needs may depress
PO2 and/or elevate PCO2 of blood (elevated PCO2
tends to lower pH)
2. Lowered PO2 of blood affects chemoreceptors of
carotid and aortic bodies (which are also responsive
to lowered pH)
3. Elevated PCO2 of blood and of cerebrospinal fluid
affects central chemoreceptors
Control of Respiration
4. Impulses from carotid and aortic bodies reach
respiratory center via glossopharyngeal and vagus
nerve.
5. Impulses from central chemoreceptors reach
respiratory center
6. Impulses from repiratory centers descend in spinal
cord to reach diapragm via phrenic nerves and
intercostal muscles via intercostal nerves to increase
rate and amplitude of respiration.
Control of Respiration
7. Accelerated respiration improves ventilation and thus
tends to normalize PO2, PCO2, and pH of blood
Obstructive Lung Disease
 Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma
 Connective tissue and elastic fibers are destroyed
 Lung compliance is increased
 Decreased elastic recoil
 Increase TLC, FRC, and RV
 FEV1/FVC less than 75%
Restrictive Pulmonary Disease
 Fibrosis, alveolar wall thickening
 Increase in the connective tissue of the lung
 Reduced lung compliance
 Decrease in TLC and VC
 FVC is markedly decrease