CPROBS1 Ms Racquel U.

Cruz
DLSU- Manila
 GRADING SYSTEM (CPROBS1)
Formative Assessments
4 Long Quizzes 50%
Attendance 5%
Case analyses, assignments, seatwork,
computer lab exercises, class participation
5%
Group Project- Research Paper
10%
Departmental Final Examination 30%
TOTAL 100%
GRADING SYSTEM
4.0 95 - 100
3.5 90 – 94.9
3.0 85 – 89.9
2.5 80 – 84.9
2.0 74 – 79.9
1.5 67 – 73.9
1.0 60 – 66.9
0.0 < 60
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICS
Ms. RACQUEL U. CRUZ
De La Salle University-Manila
STATISTICS…
In everyday life…
 APPLICATIONS OR USES OF STATISTICS

1. To provide information
2. To provide comparison
3. To help discern relationships
4. To aid in decision making
5. To estimate unknown quantities
6. To justify a claim or assertion
7. To predict future outcomes
ROLE OF
STATISTICS …
In BUSINESS…
 STATISTICS ARE MAINLY USED IN BUSINESS …

1. To gather information about their customers (current or potential)

2. To help improve or increase sales or marketing by making their business
more tailored to their customers.
3. To research the needs and demands of customers to open new markets
4. To work out the breakdown of financial dealings of the company
5. To forecast by looking at the trends of sales, stocks, profits, losses, etc.
Reference: http://www.blurtit.com/q786929.html
STATISTICS
A branch of mathematical science of
collecting, organizing, analyzing and
interpreting data in order to make
decisions.

So how can
we apply this
in everyday
life?

There would
be a lot of
situations..
 ELEMENTARY STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL

Definition of Normal
terms Distribution

Sampling Hypotheses
Z-test
Techniques Tests
t-test
Presentation Tests on
Mean of Data Means F-test

Median Measures of Tests on Z-test

Central Tendency Proportions
Mode Chi-square
test
Measures of Correlation &
Sdev. Pearson’s “r”
Variability Regression
Range Spearman rank
Measures of Chi-square test for
order correlation
Skewness & Kurtosis Independence
C.V.
10
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics – “describe”
methods concerned with describing and
summarizing sets of data
Inferential Statistics – “infer”
methods concerned with making predictions or
inferences about a population based on
information provided by the sample
Tell whether each of the following statement refers to DS or IS:

DS ]
____1A teacher computes the average grade of her students & then
determines the top 10.
____2]
IS A manager of a business firm predicts future sales of the
company based on the present sales.
____3]
IS A psychologist investigates if there is significant relationship
between mental age & chronological age.
____4]
DS
A sports journalist determines the most popular
basketball player for this year.
____5]
IS
The campaign manager concludes that his candidates will get
at least 45% of the votes of all the voters in the district.
 What is a
POPULATION?

It is the totality
of units under
consideration.
 This is an
example..

Assuming that these people consist

the total population of a certain place.
They are the only inhabitants of that
place..
 What about a
SAMPLE?

It’s the finite

number of
objects selected
from the
population. It is a
subset of the
population.
 Getting a
sample is
illustrated in From the population, we
this diagram.. will randomly select a
certain number of people to
be able to have a SIMPLE
RANDOM SAMPLE.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Let N be the population size

n be the sample size
Simple random sampling is a sampling
technique where each element in the
population of size N has an equal chance
of being selected in a sample of size n.
 DEFINITIONS:
POPULATION refers to a large collection of people, objects, places or things. It is the subject of
research!
• Parameter is any numerical value which describes a population
Ex. 1) There are 8,756 Engineering students enrolled in DLSU this
school year, N = 8,756
2) The average age of Engineering students is 20
N = 8,756 and   20 are parameters because they
both describe the population.
 SAMPLE is a small portion or part of a population; a representative
of the population in a research study
• Statistic is any numerical value which describes a sample
Ex. 1. Of the 8,756 students enrolled in Engineering, 2,893 are Female
2. The average age of female students is 18,
n = 2,893 and x  18 are statistics because they
both describe the sample.

 RESPONDENTS refer to the samples who are actual

participants in the research.
 TYPES OF DATA
Data – information or observed values/labels collected
from individuals/entities
Types:
1. Primary Data – collected by the researcher by
himself/herself
2. Secondary Data – collected by other sources (journals,
publications, internet, etc.)
Note: Cite the sources
DATA COLLECTION
Census – technique of collecting information or
data from every individual/element in the
population
Survey – technique of collecting data or
information from a portion of the population
(or sample)
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. Survey Method
2. Experimental Method
3. Observation Method
4. Use of Existing Records (Journals,
etc.)
 A variable is a
characteristic or
information of
interest that is
observable or
measurable from an
individual or object
under consideration.

So what’s the
difference between
QUALITATIVE and
QUANTITAVE
VARIABLES?
Qualitative or categorical variable– measures a
quality or characteristic
Ex. gender
Quantitative or numerical variable – measures a
numerical quantity or amount
Ex. Age
What are the levels of
measurement?
•Nominal level
•Ordinal level
•Interval level
•Ratio level
NOMINAL – lowest level; variable
whose values are simply labels or
names or categories without any
implicit or explicit ordering of the
labels.
Example: car colors
 Sir I am
Captain
Velasquez sir!

Lt. Col Salvador

speaking..

ORDINAL – variable whose

values are labels or classes
with an implied ordering;
ranking can be done on the
data
Example: Military positions
 INTERVAL – distances
between any two value are
of known sizes; unit of
measurement is constant It will be 51 °K
(but arbitrary); no “true zero tomorrow..
point”. Example:
temperature

Its 29 °C
outside..
 I am 21 yrs. old

I am 18 yrs. old
I am 14 yrs.
old

RATIO – highest level;

has all the properties of
the interval level; with
“true zero point”. Our
age, can be an
example of it..

The term "true zero point" means that a 0 data value indicates
the absence of the object being measured."
 I now get it
Boots..

Yeah!.. That’s good

Dora.. Now for our
activity
 RESEARCH ARTICLE
■ According to the survey made by the Social Weather Stations (SWS) in
November, MAJORITY of Filipinos believe in love at first sight and say
each person has only one true love. Belief in love at first sight is
higher among middle-aged and older Filipinos compared to younger
ones, higher among Filipinos with less education. Compared to a
February 2000 Gallup poll in the United States, the SWS survey found
that more Filipinos believe in love at first sight (72% compared to 52%
among Americans) have experienced falling in love at first sight (64%
compared to 40% Americans) believe in one true love (84% to 74%
Americans). When asked about their past relations, SWS found that
70% of Filipino men have experienced falling in love at first sight, as
compared to only 58% of Filipino women. 67% of married Filipinos are
more likely to say they have experienced falling in love at first sight,
compared to 54% of single Filipinos. The SWS said it surveyed 1,200
adults. The results have a 3% margin of error. 30
 Sampling Techniques
Casio fx-350ES plus or Casio fx-991 ES plus

31
Determining Sample size

n N
+
1 Ne
2

n is the sample size

N is the population size
e is the margin of error
 Margin of Error “e”
The “margin of error” is a
value which quantifies

n N possible
sampling errors.
+
1 Ne
2
Sampling error means that
the results in the sample differ
“e is the margin from the target population
of error” because of the
“luck of the draw”.
 Margin of Error
The laws of probability make it possible for us to
calculate intervals of the form:
Estimate +/- margin of error
Such intervals are sometimes called 95% confidence
intervals and would be expected to contain the true
value at least 95% of the time.
 Determining Sample size

Example 1:Find n if N = 10,000 & e = 5%

N 10,000
n 
1 + Ne 1 + 10,000(.05)
2 2

10,000
  385
1 + 25 n
 Determining Sample size

Example 2:Find n if N = 10,000 & e = 1%

N 10,000
n 
1 + Ne 1 + 10,000(.01)
2 2

10,000
  5,000
1+1
Source: http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/04/27/1577244/duterte-marcos-widen-
37
lead-pulse-asia-survey Retrieved on: 28 April 2016