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Geography and Life in Arabia Islamic Traditions and the
Origins of Islam World Today
Islamic Beliefs and Practices


   Arabia, 570

Nomads and Townspeople Islam in Arabia, 632



  
The Five Pillars of Islam Time Line: Three Religions
Sources of Islamic Beliefs
Chapter 3 Visual Summary
 6 
 


7.2.1



Life in Arabia was influenced by the harsh desert climate of
the region.




‡ Arabia is mostly a desert land.
‡ Two ways of life²nomadic and sedentary²developed in
the desert.
 




 



‡ The Arabian Peninsula lies near the intersection of three

continents, so it is called a ³crossroads´ location.
± Africa
± Asia
± Europe
‡ Arabia¶s location has shaped its physical features.
 x 

 

‡ Arabia lies in a region with hot, dry air.

‡ The climate makes it hard for plants and animals to
survive.
‡ Huge 
 , or hills of sand shaped by the wind,
cover large parts of Arabia.
‡ Water exists mainly in
, wet, fertile areas that are
scattered across the deserts.
 

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‡ In a nomadic life, people moved from place to place within

tribes for protection and as the seasons changed.
‡ Sedentary people settled in oases, where they could farm.
These settlements often became towns.
‡ Towns became centers of trade. Many had a  %, a
market or bazaar, where goods were traded.
 J 
 7.2.2



Muhammad, a merchant from Mecca, introduced a major
world religion called Islam.




‡ Muhammad became a prophet and introduced a religion
called Islam in Arabia.
‡ Muhammad¶s teachings had similarities to Judaism and
Christianity, but they also presented new ideas.
‡ Islam spread in Arabia after being rejected at first.
 






  

  
 





‡ A man named Muhammad taught a new religion to the

people of Arabia.
‡ Muslims believe that God spoke to Muhammad through an
angel and made him a prophet.
‡ The messages he received were the basis for Islam and
were collected in the holy book of Islam called the Qur¶an.
 

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‡ Muhammad taught that there was only one God, Allah,
which means ³the God´ in Arabic. This is similar to
Christianity and Judaism.
‡ Muslims also recognize many of the same prophets as
Christians and Jews.
‡ Muslims don¶t believe that Jesus was the son of God.
‡ Arabs were used to worshipping many gods, so many of
them rejected Muhammad¶s teachings.
‡ Muhammad said the rich and poor should be equal. Many
wealthy merchants did not like this idea.
 








)


‡ Islam spread from Mecca to Medina.

± Rulers of Mecca began to threaten Muhammad and his
followers with violence as Islam started to influence
more people.
± Muhammad left Mecca and went to Medina.
± This departure became known in Muslim history as the
hegira, or journey.
± Islam thrived in Medina, and other Arab tribes in the
region accepted Islam.
 
*
 

  
 


‡ Muhammad¶s house became the first mosque, or building

for Muslim prayer.
‡ He reported new revelations about rules for society,
government, and worship.
‡ Mecca finally welcomed Muhammad back to the city and
accepted Islam as its religion.
 

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 7.2.3



Sacred texts called the Qur¶an and the Sunnah guide Muslims
in their religion, daily life, and laws.




‡ The Qur¶an guides Muslims¶ lives.
‡ The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of
them.
‡ Islamic law is based on the Qur¶an and the Sunnah.
 


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‡ The world has a definite end, and on that final day, God will
judge all people.
‡ The Qur¶an sets out guidelines for moral behavior, acts of
worship, and rules for social life
± Muslims were encouraged to free slaves.
± Women could own property, earn money, and receive an
education.
‡ The Qur¶an discusses '
, which means to make an effort, or
to struggle. Jihad refers to the inner struggle people go through
in their effort to obey God and behave according to Islamic
ways.
± Jihad can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim
community, or historically, to convert people to Islam. The
word has also been translated as ³holy war.´
 

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‡ The hadith is the written record of Muhammad¶s words

and actions. It is the basis for the * 
.
‡ The Sunnah provides a model for the duties and way of
life expected of Muslims.
‡ The first duties of a Muslim are known as the Five Pillars of
Islam, which are five acts of worship required of all
Muslims.
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1. Saying ³There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his

prophet´
2. Praying five times a day
3. Giving to the poor and needy
4. Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
5. Traveling to Mecca at least once on a hajj
 




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The Qur¶an and the Sunnah Shariah is a system based on

form the basis of Islamic Islamic sources and human
law, or Shariah. reason that judges the
rightness of actions taken.
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Early Expansion Islamic Traditions and the
Muslim Empires World Today
Cultural Achievements


   Early Muslim Conquests

The Blue Mosque Trade in the Muslim World
The City of Córdoba
The Ottoman Empire


 The Safavid Empire
The Mughal Empire
Chapter 4 Visual Summary

 
The City of Córdoba
Islamic Achievements
Islamic Achievements
(continued)
 Œ
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  7.2.4
7.2.5



Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, the blending
of cultures, and the growth of cities.




‡ Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam
slowly spread.
‡ Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
‡ A mix of cultures was one result of Islam¶s spread.
‡ Islamic influence encouraged the growth of cities.
 


 
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‡ After Muhammad¶s death, Abu Bakr became the first


 , the title that Muslims use for the highest leader of
Islam.
‡ Caliphs were not religious leaders, but political and
military leaders.
‡ Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against Arab tribes
who did not follow Muhammad¶s teachings.
 6 "   Œ

‡ Muslim armies battled ‡ After years of fighting

tribes that did not follow
Muhammad¶s teachings.
‡ The Muslim armies united
Arabia, then defeated the
Persian and Byzantine
empires. ‡ A combined Berber and
Muslim armies, many
Berbers, a native people of
North Africa, converted to
Islam and joined forces
with the Arabs.
Arab army invaded Spain
and conquered it in AD
711.
 

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‡ Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took Islamic

beliefs to new lands.
‡ Islam spread to India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
‡ Trade also brought new products to Muslim lands and
made many people rich.
± Travelers learned how to make paper from the Chinese.
± Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and oranges
from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
± Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in Africa.
 


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‡ As Islam spread through ‡ Muslims generally

trade, warfare, and practiced tolerance, or
treaties, Arabs came into acceptance, with regard to
contact with people who these people.
had different beliefs and
‡ Jews and Christians in
lifestyles.
particular could keep their
‡ Language and religion beliefs.
helped unify many groups
that became part of the
Islamic world.
 

-

 

 
" 


‡ Baghdad
‡ Capital of Islamic Empire
‡ Located near land and
water trade routes
‡ Walled city
‡ Built hospitals,
observatories, and a library
that was used as a
university
‡ Cordoba
‡ Capital of what is now
Spain
‡ Strong economy based on
agriculture and trade
‡ By the AD 900s, was the
largest and most advanced
city in Europe
‡ Great center of learning
‡ Also a center of Jewish
culture
  Œ 7.2.4



After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires
formed²the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.



‡ The Ottoman Empire covered a large area in eastern
Europe.
‡ The Safavid Empire blended Persian cultural traditions with
Shia Islam.
‡ The Mughal Empire in India left an impressive cultural
heritage.
 


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‡ The Ottomans were aided ‡ During Suleyman¶s rule,

by slave soldiers called
Janissaries.
‡ They had new gunpowder
weapons, such as the
cannon.
‡ Mehmed II and Suleyman I
led conquests that turned
the Ottomans into a world
‡ Women had limited
power.
the Ottoman Empire
reached its cultural peak.
± Poets wrote beautiful
works.
± Architects turned
Istanbul into a Muslim
city.
freedom.
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‡ The  
, or Ottoman ruler, issued laws and made all

major decisions in the empire.
‡ Ottoman society was divided into two classes.
± Judges and people who advised the sultan were part of
the ruling class.
± Those who didn¶t fit into the ruling class made up the
other class. Many of these were Christians or Jews from
lands the Ottomans had conquered.
 

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‡ A conflict arose over who should be caliph.

‡ Islam split into two groups.
± The Shia thought that only members of Muhammad¶s
family could become caliphs.
± The Sunni thought it did not matter as long as they
were good Muslims and strong leaders.
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‡ The Safavid Empire began when the Safavid leader Esma¶il

conquered Persia and made himself shah, or king.
‡ He made Shiism the official religion of the empire.
‡ The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim traditions.
‡ The manufacturing of traditional products, such as
handwoven carpets, silk, and velvet, was encouraged.
 


 
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‡ Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew mostly

under an emperor named Akbar.
‡ Akbar¶s tolerant policies helped unify the empire.
‡ A conflict of cultures led to the end of this empire, but
resulted in a culture unique to the Mughal Empire.
‡ Cultures that blended in the empire included
± Muslims
± Hindus
± Persians
± Indians
 c  
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Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science,
art, and literature.




‡ Muslim scholars made advances in various fields of science
and philosophy.
‡ Islam influenced styles of literature and the arts.
 


  


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‡ Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography,

math, and science.
‡ Many ancient writings were translated into Arabic.
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± Geographers made more accurate maps than before,
mostly due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.
‡ 

± The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the
foundations for modern algebra.
‡   
± They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the
Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
  * 
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‡ 
± The Muslims¶ greatest scientific achievements may have
come in medicine.
± A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose
and treat the deadly disease smallpox.
‡ x    
± The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues,
which led to a movement called Sufism.
± Sufism teaches that people can find God¶s love by
having a personal relationship with God.
 

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± Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim
world²poetry and short stories.
‡   
± The greatest architectural achievements were mosques.
They often had a dome and 
²narrow towers
from which Muslims are called to prayer.
± x
 , or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for
elaborately decorated mosques.
  
 

‡ 
± Because they could not represent people or animals in
paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned


 , or decorative writing, into an art form.
± They used this technique to decorate buildings and
mosques.
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