HOW DO I

BREATHE?
When you breathe you draw air in
through the nose and mouth and into the
lungs. Air consists of 79 percent nitrogen
and about 21 percent oxygen, with small
amounts of othercarbon dioxide and
other, rare gases. Air travels down a
tube called the trachea that forks into
other tubes called bronchi, which led into
the lungs. From here the air passes into
the series of smaller air passage and
eventually into tiny air sacs, or bladders,
called alveolli.
Oxygen is absorbed through the thin
walls of alveoli into the blood, and
waste carbon dioxide is releases to
the breathed out as waste product.
Can I breathe
out all the air
in my lungs?
 Normally you only breathe out about
10 percent of the air in your lungs. If
you are running and panting very
hard you may use up to 60 percent of
the air, but at least 20 percent will
always be permanently trapped in the
alveoli. You breathe faster and deeper
when you exercise in order to get
more oxygen into your body. This
helps to break down sugar and
provide energy for your muscles to
work.
HOW IS AIR
PASSED IN AND
OUT OF THE
LUNGS
 Most of the airflow in the lungs is
caused by the contraction of a sheet
of muscle called the diaphragm. It is
a curved muscle sheet that
separates the contents of the chest
from the abdomen. As the
diaphragm contracts and flattens,
the volume of the chest is
increased.
This causes the pressure inside the
lungs to drop, so air rushes in.
When the diaphragm relaxes it
becomes curved again and forces air
out of the lungs. The chest also
helps in breathing when you take
vigorous exercise, and the ribs are
moved in and out by muscles that
run between them.
HOW DOES
SMOKING
HARM THE
LUNGS?
Smoking damages the natural
cleaning mechanism of the lungs,
and also poisons the cells that line
the lungs. Tobacco smoke paralyzes
the tiny beating hairs normally clean
out any material that is inhaled. Tar
from the smoke accumulates inside
the lungs, together with small grains
of soot and chemicals that can
sometimes cause cancer.
 These subtances are absorbed
into the blood and can cause
damage to the heart and
circulation.
Regular smokers often suffer
from lung diseases such as
bronchitis, which are caused by
irritation of the lungs by
tobacco smoke.
WHAT IS BLOOD?
Blood contains red and white blood
cells that float inside a liquid called
plasma. It also contains thousand of
different subtances needed by the
body. Blood carries all these things
around the body and also removes
waste products.
 It is part of the body’s communication
system, carrying chemical messengers
called hormones that switch organs on
and off as required.
Blood carries the white cells and
chemical subtances that attack invading
bacteria and viruses. It also helps control
body temperature. Red blood cells carry
oxygen collected from the lungs to all
parts of the body, realising it where
required. White blood cells help protect
the body from infection. They can produce
disease-fighting subtancees called
antibodies.
HOW DOES THE HEART
WORK?
The heart is fist-sized muscular
organ that pumps blood around the
body. It is actually two pumps that
are joined together. At the top of
each side of the heart is a thin-
walled chamber called atrium is
filled, it contracts and squeezes its
blood into a much more muscular
chamber called the ventricle. The
ventricle contracts in turn and forces
blood at high pressure along the
arteries and off to the lungs or the
rest of the body.
A system of one way valves
stops the blood from leaking
back into the heart. The left
side pumps blood to the lungs
to collect more oxigen. The
blood circulation actually works
in a figure-of –eight shape.
WHAT ARE BLOOD VESSEL?
Blood flows around your body inside
a network of tubes Clled blood
vessels. There are three types of
blood vessel : arteries comes
straight from the heart and is
pumped under pressure, so the
artery walls are thick and muscular.
Blood moves from arteries to veins
through tiny capillaries, which are
about one-tenth the thickness of a
human hair, Capillaries are so
narrow that red blood cells have to
squash themselves up to pass
through. Veins return blood to the
heart, and because the pressure is
now lower, they have thinner walls
than arteries.
WHAT IS EXCRETION?
Excretion is the removal of waste material
from the body. Most of this material is
removed from the blood by the kidneys, but
waste carbon dioxide produced by the
activity of the cells is removed by the lungs
and other waste is excreted as sweat,
through the skin. The liver gets rid of many
poisonous materials by making them
harmless and passing them on to the kidneys.
WHAT JOB DO THE KIDNEYS
DO?
 Kidneys are very effective at removing
most of the waste from our blood.
 Blood is pumped through groups of
tiny tubes inside the kidneys, and
harmful waste material passes out
through the walls of these vessels and
down along a tube called ureter, into
bladder.
 Here it is stored until ready to be
discharged from the body as urine. The
kidney s have a very important function
in controlling the amount of water in
the body. Water balance need to be
kept an exactly the right level if the
body cells are to remain healthy.
WHY DO I NEED TO SLEEP?
 You spend about one-third of your life asleep,
but no one is sure why this is necessary.
During deep sleep, the body produces large
amounts of growth hormone that help to
repair or replace damaged cells and tissue.
Sleep also speeds healing. While you are
sleeping, the brains remains very active.
 The body goes through stages of being very limp and
relaxed, and other stages when
WHAT JOB DOES
THE BRAIN DO?
The brain is the body control
centre. It coordinates all the
messages that pass through the
nervous system, giving us the
ability to learn, reason and feel.
It also control the body
automatic function such as
breathing, heartbeat,disgestion
growth and blood pressure.
DOES THE BRAIN THINK LIKE
A COMPUTER?
The brain resembles a computer
because it has a memory and
generates millions of electrical
signals. However, it works in
quite different way from a
computer.
A computer can calculate
accurately, but it can only use the
information programmed into it.
The brain is able to learn and
grow in complexity from the day
you are born. Unlike most of
computers, it is able to make
decisions without necessarily
having all information that a
computer would need. The brain
has a power of imagination and
reasoning, but computer are only
just acquiring these abilities.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN
PARTS OF THE BRAIN?
The brain is divided into three
main regions each with
different functions. The large
part at top is the cerebrum.
This is where most of our
reasoning, thinking and
memory is controlled.
The cerebellum is a smaller area
at the back of the brain, where
accurate movement and
coordination are controlled. The
brain stem is a small region at
the base of the brain where
most of our automatic body
function are controlled . It is
connected to the spinal cord.
WHY DOES THE BRAIN HAVE
TWO SIDES?
The cerebrum is divided lengthways
into two halves, called cerebral
hemispheres. Each side of the brain
control the opposite side of the
body. For example, if you move your
right leg, the instructions for the
movement come from the left side
of the brain. The nerve cells that
carry messages from the brain cross
over at the base of the brain.
In most people the left side controls
speaking, writing and logical
though, while the right side control
artistic abilities and creative
thinking. Most people seem to use
one side more than the other. This is
why some people seem tobe more
artistic than others or are better at
scientific and mathematical thinking.
Usually the left side of the brain is
more dominant as far as movement
is concerned, which is why most
people are right-handed. About 10
percent of people are left-handed.
Thank you
Dra. Widyastuti, M.Pd
CHALLENGE