ENGINEERING

HYDROLOGY
 OVERVIEW

• Hydrological engineering, also called water resources engineering, is a civil

engineering specialty offered at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
Hydrological engineering is chiefly concerned with the flow and storage of water. Topics
commonly covered include urban drainage, water supply, wastewater treatment,
river management and coastal protection. Hydrological engineering also focuses on
preventing floods and lessening the effects of floods, droughts and other natural
disasters.
 HYDROLOGY
• It is concerned with the origin and chemical and physical
properties of water on earth.
• It is the branch of earth science which means the science of
water
• It is the science which deals with the occurrence, circulation
and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s
atmosphere.
ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY
• It is the study of hydrology
concerned mainly with
engineering applications.
Engineering hydrology deals with..
• Estimation of water resources
• The study of processes such as runoff, precipitation and their
interaction.
• The study of problems such as floods, droughts and strategies
to overcome them.
INTERSECTION OF HYDROLOGY
AND HYDRAULICS
• Water Supplies • Flood Protection
• Drinking Water
• Flood Plain Construction
• Industry
• Irrigation • Water Intakes
• Power Generation • Discharge And Dilution
• Hydropower • Wastewater
• Cooling Water • Cooling Water
• Dams • Outfalls
• Reservoirs
• Levees
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• it is a descriptive term applied to
the general circulation of water
from the atmosphere to the
ground, to the seas and back to
the atmosphere through various
stages or processes such as
precipitation, interception, runoff
infiltration, percolation, storage,
evaporation and transpiration.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

• The three main phases of the

hydrologic cycle are
precipitation, runoff and
evaporation.
 PROCESSES IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. PRECIPITATION - it is all forms of moisture falling to the ground
(rainfall, snow, hail, etc.)
2. RUN-OFF – is that part of precipitation that appears as stream
flow.
• THREE TYPES OF RUNOFF:
a) SURFACE RUNOFF is the water that reaches the stream by
traveling over the soil surface.
b) INTERFLOW or QUICK RETURN FLOW is water that moves
through upper soil layers and returns to the surface or appears in
streams.
c) BASE FLOW is water that flows into the stream from natural
storage. In most streams. Base flow comes largely from
groundwater.
3. EVAPORATION – is a process by which precipitation is
returned to the atmosphere as vapor.

4. TRANSPIRATION – is a process by which plants dissipate

water into the atmosphere from leaves and other surfaces.

5. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION – is the combination of evaporation

of water from wet plant and soil surfaces and the transpiration of
water in plants.
6. INTERCEPTION – is that part of precipitation at the beginning
of a storm that is stored in vegetal cover and does not contribute
to run off.

7. INFILTRATION – is the movement of water through the soil

surface into the soil profile.

8. PERCOLATION – is the movement of water through the soil

profile.
VAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATIO
MEASUREMENT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• Lysimeter
• Field Plots
 INFILTRATION

Infiltration Capacity (fc)

Measurement:
• f = fc when i > fc
• flooding-type
• f=i when i < fc
infiltrometer
where: f = actual rate of infiltration
• rainfall simulator
i = intensity of rainfall
 RUN-OFF
Physical Characteristics affecting Run-off:
• land use
• vegetation
• soil type
• drainage area
• elevation
• topography
• ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
 HYDROGRAPH
• plot of discharge in a stream plotted against time.
• annual, monthly, seasonal
• has 3 characteristic: rising limb, falling limb, peak point
 FLOOD ROUTING
• It is the technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section
of. a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream
sections. The. hydrologic analysis of problems such as flood
forecasting, flood protection reservoir design and spillway design
invariably include flood routing.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
• It is a process used to convert
wastewater - which is water no
longer needed or suitable for its
most recent use - into an effluent
that can be either returned to the
water cycle with minimal
environmental issues or reused.
URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• It is designed to reduce the
potential impact of new and
existing developments with
respect to surface water drainage
discharges.
APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY
• Determining the water balance of a region
• Determining the agricultural water balance.
• Designing riparian restoration projects.
• Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk.
• Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning.
• Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural
productivity.
• Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling
• Providing drinking water
• Designing dams for water supply of hydroelectric power
generation
• Designing bridges
• Designing sewers and urban drainage
• Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer
systems.
• Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic
environmental change on water resources.
• Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing
environmental policy guidelines