Combustion of solid fuels

Combustion of liquid fuels

Rules for combustion of oil
1. Atomize the oil completely to produce a fine
uniform spray
2. Mix the air and fuel thoroughly
3. Introduce enough air for combustion, but
limit the excess air to a maximum of 15%
4. Keep the burners in good condition
 Fluidized bed combustion
When a air or gas is passed through an inert bed of solid
particles (supported on mesh) will initially sleek upward
through sand.
With Further increase in velocity the air starts bubbling
through bed and Particles attain a state of high
turbulence.
Under such conditions Bed attains the appearance of fluid
and exhibit the properties of Fluid.
 MECHANISM OF FLUIDIZED BED
COMBUSTION
Temperature of bed should be at least equal to ignition
temperature of coal.

Bed temperature must not increase melting point of Ash.

Equilibrium temperature achieved through transfer

tubes immersed in bed and walls of combustor.

Gas velocity must be maintained between fluidization

velocity and the particle entrainment velocity.
Mechanism
FIXING, BUBBLING AND FAST FLUIDIZED BEDS

As the velocity of a gas flowing

through a bed of particles
increases, a value is reaches
when the bed fluidizes and
bubbles form as in a boiling
liquid. At higher velocities the
bubbles disappear; and the solids
are rapidly blown out of the bed
and must be recycled to maintain
a stable system.
 TYPES OF FBC
I. AFBC : Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion

 Bubbling fluidized bed combustion.

 Circulating fluidized bed combustion.

II. PFBC : Pressurized fluidized bed combustion.

Circulating fluidized bed
Bubbling bed
PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION
 FUEL REQUIREMENTS
Low volatile fuels such as Anthracite must be crushed to
smaller top size than higher volatile fuels
( approx 1/6 inch or less)

Larger fuel size are acceptable for higher volatile fuels.

SORBENT REQUIREMENTS:

Lime stone is crushed to a top size of 1000 microns

with average size 150 microns.
 ADVANTAGE OF FBC BOILERS
 Considerable reduction in boiler size is possible due to
high heat transfer rate.

 Low combustion temp. of the order of 750-900 C

facilitates burning of coal with low ash fusion temp.
,prevent NOx- formation, reduces high temp. corrosion
and erosion.

 High Sulphur coals can be burnt efficiently without much

generation of Sox by feeding limestone continuously.

 The unit can be designed to burn a variety of fuels.

High turbulence of the bed facilitates quick startup
and shut down.

Efficiency of 80% and above can be achieved.

Lower coal crushing cost due to higher particle size.

High thermal inertia helps to overcome the problem

of flame stability.
 DISADVANTAGES OF FBC
• The need for fuel particle size to be less than 300mm.

• A relatively high pressure-drop is required to fluidize a bed of

granular particles. The pressure drop is proportional to the weight
of the bed, but after incipient fluidization rises only slowly with
the gas velocity.

• The flue gas carries a high dust load.

• Although the operation of a bed is basically stable and the evolution

Of temperature is slow the problem of fluidized bed regulation and
control is not straightforward.
• The possibility of sintering of bed material limits the maximum
operating temperature, generally to a value of 850-950 °C, but
sometimes more.

• The operating experience with fluidized bed combustors is still

limited. Wear up on submerged surfaces, the occurrence of attrition
and elutriation upon bed particles, the evolution of the particle size
distribution and of the composition of the bed material cannot be
predicted with confidence.