Embedded Systems

BTCSE-OE43

By: Naved Alam

Assistant Professor (ECE)
SEST, Jamia Hamdard
 Textbook:
 David Pallerin, Practical FPGA Programming
in C, PHI
 Jean-Pierre, Deschamps, Gery J. A Bioul,
Gustavo D. Sutter Synthesis of Arithmetic
Circuits: FPGA, ASIC and Embedded Systems,
Wiley.
 file:///C:/Users/NAVED/AppData/Local/Temp/aa5b7fbaabb8e
b188e20142c31db2d571fce.pdf
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hX4urTFXr0
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qpc1M-BntaM
 A system is an arrangement in which all its
unit assemble work together according to a
set of rules. It can also be defined as a way of
working organizing or doing one or many
tasks according to a fixed plan.
 For example a watch is a time displaying
system. Its components follow a set of rules
to show time. If one of its parts fails, the
watch will stop working. So we can say, in a
system, all its subcomponents depend on
each other.
 An embedded system is a microcontroller or
microprocessor based system which is designed
to perform a specific task. For example, a fire
alarm is an embedded system;
it will sense only smoke.
An embedded system has three components:
It has Hardware
It has application software
It has RTOS ( Real time Operating system) that supervises the
application software and provide mechanism to let the
processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan
to control the latencies.
 Definition for: embedded system
 A combination of hardware and software which together form
a component of a larger machine.

 An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

 An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to events
in real time.
 Medical Systems
◦ pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems,
intensive care units, …
 Office Equipment
◦ printer, copier, fax, …
 Tools
◦ multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …
 Banking
◦ ATMs, statement printers, …
 Transportation
◦ (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
 radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …
 Automobiles
◦ engine management, trip computer, cruise control,
immobilizer, car alarm,
◦ airbag, ABS, ESP, …
 Building Systems
◦ elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card
entries, locks, alarm systems, …
 Agriculture
◦ feeding systems, milking systems, …
 Space
◦ satellite systems, …
 Consumer segment, e.g. digital cameras,
camcorders, VCRs, Washing Machines,
microwave ovens, …
 Automobiles, e.g., engine control, anti-lock
brake, air bags, …
 Office automation, e.g., copiers, printers,
FAX machines, …
 Telecommunications, e.g.,, cellular phones,
PDAs, interactive game boxes, answering
machines, …
 Other industrial products, e.g., door locks
in hotel rooms, automatic faucets, …
 Processor
 Memory
◦ Provide storage for the software and data.
 Peripherals
 Software
◦ Initialization and Configuration.
◦ Operating System.
◦ The application software.
◦ Error handling.
◦ Debug and maintenance support.
 Small Scale Embedded Systems: These systems
are designed with a single 8-or 16-bit
microcontroller; they have little hardware and
software complexities and involve board-level
design. They may even be battery operated. When
developing embedded software for these, an
editor, assembler and cross assembler, specific to
the microcontroller or processor used, are the main
programming tools.
 These systems are usually designed with a single
or few 16-or 32-bit microcontrollers or DSPs or
Reduced Instruction Set Computers(RISCs). These
have both hardware and software complexities.
 For complex software design, there are the
following programming tools: RTOS, Source code
engineering tool, Simulator, Debugger and
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
Software tools also provide the solutions to the
hardware complexities. An assembler is of little use
as a programming tool.
 Sophisticated embedded systems have enormous hardware
and software complexities and may need scalable processors
or configurable processors and programmable logic arrays.
They are used for cutting edge applications that need
hardware and software co-design and integration in the final
system; however, they are constrained by the processing
speeds available in their hardware units. Certain software
functions such as encryption and deciphering algorithms,
discrete cosine transformation and inverse transformation
algorithms, TCP/IP protocol stacking and network driver
functions are implemented in the hardware to obtain
additional speeds by saving time. Some of the functions of
the hardware resources in the system are also implemented
by the software.
We embed 5 basic kinds of computing engines
into our systems:

 microprocessor
 microcomputer
 Microcontrollers
 FPGA
 DSP Processor
 separation of program memory from data
memory allow via separate bus is known as a
Harvard architecture.
 Program and Data memory having same bus
is known as Von-Neumann Architecture
 16 bit microprocessor design by Intel in
1978, desktop and portable computers is
known as the x86
 A variant of the 8086, designated the 8088
was used in the original IBM PC
 The Intel Atom, introduced in 2008, is an
x86 processor with significantly reduced
energy consumption.
 The x86 architecture has also been
implemented in processors from AMD, Cyrix,
and several other manufacturers
 A Multicore machine is a combination of several processors
on a single chip.
 A very different type of multicore architecture that is
sometimes used in embedded applications uses one or more
soft cores together with custom hardware on a field-
programmable gate array (FPGA).
 FPGAs are chips whose hardware function is programmable
using hardware design tools.
 Specialized computer architectures for signal processing have
been around for quite some time (Allen, 1975).
 Single-chip DSP microprocessors first appeared in the early,
1980s, beginning with the Western Electric DSP1 from Bell
Labs, the S28211 from AMI, the TMS32010 from Texas
Instruments, the uPD7720 from NEC, and a few others.
 Early applications of these devices included voiceband data
modems, speech synthesis, consumer audio, graphics, and disk
drive controllers.
 Microprocessor
◦ CPU (on single chip)
 Microcontroller
 CPU + Timers + I/O (+RAM) (+ROM)
 Reduced chip count for board design
 Embedded system
 Today’s Technology:

 Surface Mount Device (SMD)

 Ball Grid Array (BGA)
 Microprocessor (mP):
◦ Designed to perform as a CPU in a microcomputer
system.
◦ The instruction set is arranged to allow code and
large amounts of data to be moved between the mP
and the external memory and registers.
◦ Operations on not less than four bits.
 Microcontroller (mC):
◦ Designed to operate with minimum of external
circuitry.
◦ Simple instruction set (255 instructions).
◦ Operations possible on single bits !
 Microcontroller evolved from a board-level
design to a single chip in the mid-1970's.
As the process of miniaturization
continued, all of the components needed
for a controller were built right onto one
chip.
 In the mid-1980’s embedded systems
migrated from the single chip to
microcontrollers embedded into a larger
ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
design.
 Fast and effective
◦ The architecture correlates closely with the problem being
solved (control systems).
 Low cost / Low power
◦ High level of system integration within one component.
◦ Only a handful of components needed to create a working
system.
 Compatibility
◦ Opcodes and binaries are the SAME for all 80x51 variants.
 Multi-sourced
◦ Over 12 manufacturers, hundreds of varieties.
 Constant improvements
◦ Improvements in silicon/design increase speed and power
annually.
• Harvard and Princeton
– US govt asked for computer to be used with naval shell
distance for varying elevations and environmental
conditions.
– Princeton provided ‘Von Neumann’ architecture where
common memory space are used for storing program and
data. Memory unit is responsible for arbitrary access to
memory space between reading instructions and passing
data back and forth with processor and its internal registers.
• Advantages: simple memory interfacing and management.
– Harvard proposes a design that used separate memory
banks for program storage, the processor stack, and
variable RAM.
• Advantage: execute instruction in fewer cycles than Von Neumann.
–RISC stands for “Reduced Instruction Set
Computers”. Instructions are as bare a minimum as
possible to allow users to design their own
operations.
–CISC stands for “Complex Instruction Set
Computers”. Large number of instructions, each
carrying out a different permutation of the same
operation.
• Control store
–program memory or firmware. this memory space
is the maximum size of the application that can be
loaded into the microcontroller and that the
application also includes all the low-level code and
device interface necessary to execute an
application.
–nonvolatile
–8051 has 5 different types of control store : none,
mask ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM/Flash
 Required to communicate with outside
world
 PC System:
◦ Keyboard
◦ Monitor
◦ Parallel port (printer port)
◦ Serial port + USB
 Embedded System:
◦ Sensors (e.g. in automobile: acceleration sensor,
seat sensor)
◦ Actuators (e.g. in automobile: valves for airbags)
 Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS-51, in 1981
• The 8051 is an 8-bit processor
• The CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time
• 1 to 16 MHz clock
• The 8051 has
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 4K bytes of on-chip ROM
• Two timers
• One serial port
• Four I/O ports, each 8 bits wide
• 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources
• 8051 instruction cycle consists of 12 clock cycles.
• Dallas version of 8051 is 87C51 has EPROM as control store and CMOS
device:
• 24Mhz
• 12 cycle per instruction
• 4Kbyte of Control stote
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 32 I/O lines
• Two 8/16-bit times
• Multiple internal and external interrupts sources
• Programmable serial ports
• Interface upto 128Kbytes of external memory