ENVIRONMENT

TOURISM EFFECT ON
PROVIDERS
INDUSTRY COMMUNITY
TOURISTS
References:
 Anne Graham, 2013, Tourism, aviation and impact of travel medicine, Chapter 2 in
Principle and Practice of Travel Medicine edited by Jane N Zuckerman, Blackwell
Publisher Ltd.
 Ghulam Rabbany et al, September 2013, Environmental Effect of Tourism, American
Jurnal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, Vol 1 No.7, PP.117-130 (Online)

Wayan Darwata
10/5/2018 Peran IKK-IKP 1
To be competent in:
1. Understanding the relationship between tourism
and its effects on environment.
2. Describing impacts of tourism industry on
environment.
3. Describing steps to lessen negative impacts of
tourism on environmental quality.

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 TOURISM
What are basic reasons for tourist to travel?
• Common reasons is curiosity  to see other
people (community), other culture, and other
political system
• To experience the way of life & material products
of different communities
• To experience adventures: hiking, trekking, rafting,
surfing, diving.

Wayan DarwatA
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What are the effects of tourism?
Positive Effects:
• Important sector for economic development
• Contribution to environment  protection &
conservation
• Socio-cultural benefits  improve living standard
Negative Effects:
• Destructive effect on bio-diversity & environment
• Misuse of natural resources (fresh water, forest,
marine life)  water shortage, forest depletion,
coral reef damaged.
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Three Categories of Impact:
Direct Impacts:
• the travel to destination, the tourist activities
Upstream Impacts:
• resulting from travel service providers  the ability
to influence suppliers
Downstream Impacts:
• service providers can influence the behavior & consumption
patterns of consumers (tourists)

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Impact on Water Quality  through:
• Construction & maintenance of tourist
infrastructures  materials & water washing 
discharge of sewage to water-bodies  pollution
• Recreational boating & certain activities of cruise
industry  water pollution
• Overflow of sewage  discharge of sewage to
water-bodies  diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery,
infectious hepatitis, non-specific gastroenteritis)

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Impacts on Air Quality
• Tourist transportation modes  emission of carbon
monoxide (CO)  air pollution
• Contribution of air pollution in 1997:
o Automobiles (Cars) emitted 26 million tons
o Marine Vehicles emitted 1.7 million tons
o Aircraft emitted 1 million ton
o Tour buses (heavy duty diesel vehicles)  emitted
1,4 million tons

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 Airplanes, cars, buses  Noise Pollution  annoyance,
stress, hearing loss, distress of wildlife
High concentration of tourist activities  more waste
improper disposal (serious problem)  major despoiler
of natural environment, rivers, scenic areas & roadsides
Solid waste & littering from cruise ships  degrade
physical appearance of water & shore line
Tourist trekking & tourist expedition in mountain areas
 leave behind garbage, oxygen can and camping
equipment

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Ecosystem (Habitat) Alteration (perubahan)
& Fragmentation (rusak)
• Tourist infrastructure, tourist activities,
recreational boating, and cruise industry 
ecosystem & natural habitat can be
damaged
• Damage is cumulative  hundreds of
tourists over time  can do substantial
damage

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Impacts on Wildlife
Construction & maintenance of tourist infrastructure
 wildlife can be adversely effected
o Direct impact  migratory of wildlife
o Indirect impact  marine turtles are disoriented
by automobile headlights and resort illumination
o Tourist activities disturb wildlife by altering their
eating habits & feeding patterns

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Loss of Biological Diversity  Effects:
Threatens food supplies and other natural resources
(woods, medicine & energy)
It interferes with essential ecological function
Reduce productivity of ecosystem
Destabilizes ecosystem and weakens their ability to
deal with natural disaster  pollution & climate
change
Excessive use of natural resources  exceed their
carrying capacity  impacts on vegetation, wildlife,
mountain, marine, and coastal environment
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 Depletion of Ozone Layer
Ozone layer in atmosphere protects life by
absorbing harmful wavelengths of sun UV
radiation
Ozone depleting substances (ODSs): CFCs
 contributed to destruction of ozone layer
Tourism industry may be part of this problem
 AC in hotel, automobile emissions, jet
aircraft emissions

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Climate Change
• Increase of greenhouse gases  trap heat from the sun
 Earth’s surface temperatures have risen steadily
• One of the most significant gases is Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 generated from:
• Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) in industry,
electricity, generation, and automobiles
• Change in land use  deforestation
• Accumulation of CO2 & other greenhouse gases  global
climate change

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Three main gases
H2O, CH4, CO2 THE DEGREE OF
CO2 maximal 300 ppm  GREENHOUSE
313 ppm (1960)  375 ppm (2005)
EFFECT
Other gases: N2O, O3, CF4, CFC
lifetime of CFC  50,000 years
GLOBAL WARMING

CLIMATE CHANGE

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 Some solar radiation is
SUN reflected by the Earth
and the atmosphere

TROPOSPHERE
ACCUMULATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

IR & UV ATMOSPHERE IR radiation is

emitted from the
Earth’s surface

IR radiation is
Most radiation is
absorbed by the Earth’s EARTH emitted from the
Earth’s surface
surface and warms it
greenhouse gasses and global
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warming 15
o The most threat of tourism  degradation of ecosystem
o Development of tourism facilities  beach & sand
erosion, soil erosion
o Road & airport construction  land degradation & loss
of wildlife habitats
o Marinas & breakwaters development of  changes in
current & coast line
o Crowded tourists  traffic congestion  air pollution
o Traffic congestion  social impacts (honking horns &
blaring radios)
o Development of fast food restaurants, motels, and trinket
shops  detrimental to culture & aesthetic aspects
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Voluntary Efforts by Industry (Private) Sectors and Government
Initiatives  Nonprofit Groups
o The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)  “Green
Globe” program (commitment of tourism companies)
o The Audubon Society  “Travel Ethic”
o The Sierra Club  educates its members )tour operators) on
methods to minimize their impacts on the environment
o The World Wildlife Fund (WWF)  Promotes ecotourism 
using tourism to support conservation  minimizing
environmental impacts.
o Government: financial contribution  direct from tourists &
indirect from government revenue
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TRAVEL HEALTH  ONE HEALTH
• Part of health science that cope with controlling and
management of health issues related to travelling or
tourism

• One Health  healthy people, environment,

travelers, and animals.
• Examples: for travelers health information system,
disease prevention, public health facilities, medical
centers, animal control, and others

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 How you could be a good doctor
(professional doctor)? What criteria?
CE-IDEA
• Competent
• Ethics
• Integrity
• Discipline
• Empathy
• Altruism

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 To be an
amazing thinker

Keep empowering your

thinking competencies!
Logic (scientific)
Innovative thinking
Analytic thinking
Reasoning ability
CRITICAL THINKING: “LIAR”

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