INTRODUCTION

TO
POWER SYSTEM
(LECTURE 9)

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1. Introduction:
Electrical power system: A network of components designed to transmit and
distribute the energy produced by generators to locations where it is used.
Required to generate and supply electrical energy to consumers

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Energy Resources
: coal, water, gas, oil and nuclear

a.) Coal : Most common source, cheap, pollution, non renewable

b.) Water: non–polluting, no cost for fuel
c.) Natural gas: cleaner than coal, non-renewable, transport?
d.) Oil: more expensive non-renewable
e.) Nuclear: non-polluting, expensive, safety, research stage..

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 Coal Power Station

Hydro Power Station

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Wind Power Station

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Transmission System:

Transmission system consists of transmission lines and

substations.
Two types of transmission lines: overhead lines and
underground cables
Comparison between Overhead and underground cables
– Maintenance and initial starting cost
– Flexibility
– Fault detection
– Appearance wise
– Current carrying capacity
– Interference

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Distribution System: Radial and Ring

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The Grid System
 Grid system is an overall network that consists of many interconnected power system.
 The advantages of grid systems are:
o Stability in operation
 The system has greater reserve power through their combined resources than a system
working in isolation.
 Therefore, the system would be able to withstand a large disturbance and is more
stable. Stability will increase with an increase in number of stations.
o Service continuity
 If one of the generating stations should break down or to closed for inspection and
repair, energy could be supplied by the remaining stations.
o Economy
 In this system, the load can be shared among various generating station so that the
overall operating cost is minimized.
 Thus, we can shut down a number of stations when demand is low.

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 In Peninsular Malaysia, the power grid is known as the National Grid.
o It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
o The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting electricity generating
stations owned by TNB and Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
o IPPs are privately owned power producers
 Generate and sell power to TNB
 Examples of IPPs:
1. YTL Generation Sdn Bhd
 Paka, Pasir Gudang
2. Malakoff Berhad
 Lumut Power Sattion, Segari
 Prai Power Station, Butterworth
 Tanjung Bin Power Station, Johor
3. Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd
 Kuala Langat Power Station

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Definitions associated with Load Studies
 A power system engineer must be able to analyze the performance of power systems both in
normal operating conditions and under fault (short-circuit) conditions.
o The analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation is known as power-flow
study or load-flow study.
o It is necessary for planning, economic scheduling, control and future expansion.
 In a power station, several generators are operated in parallel in the power grid to provide the
total power needed. They are connected at a common point called as bus.
 Four quantities are associated with each bus: voltage magnitude, phase angle, real power and
reactive power
 The system busses are generally classified into three types:
1. Load bus
 A bus at which the real and reactive powers are specified
 Also known as PQ bus
2. Generator bus
 A bus at which the real power and bus voltage magnitude are specified
 Also known as PV bus
3. Slack bus or swing bus
 The magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified
 Serves as a reference bus for the power system

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