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DIODE APPLICATIONS

Chapter Outline

 This Chapter consists of the following subtopic:
 Diode & Zener diode I-V characteristics curve
 Series Diode Configurations
 Load Line Analysis
 Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier
 Center-Tapped Rectifier
 Clipper & Clamper
 Zener Diodes
Diodes

 Most common diode used today is such as silicon diodes,
Schottky diodes, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Zener
Diode and many more.

 Each of the diode is chosen based on the voltage drop and


type of application that need to apply.

 For example:
 A silicon diode has voltage drop within 0.6V and 0.7V
while Zener has bigger voltage drop value such as 4.7V and
12V.
Diodes

 An ideal diode will conduct current in one direction
while block in other direction.
Diodes

Still Remember the bias
condition for
diode???

 No bias condition
 Forward-bias condition
 Reverse-bias condition
Diodes

A = no-bias condition I and V gradually
B = forward voltage less than C Continue increase
increase as the the bias voltage:
the barrier potential bias voltage increase
C = forward voltage equal current increase
barrier potential but V not.
D = breakdown value FORWARD
BIAS
D A

B Arriving 0.7V the


Current increase current increase
rapidly – REVERSE
rapidly
BIAS
overheating &
possible damage
Series Diode Configuration

 Series Diode configuration is a network that helps better
understanding in the diode characteristics.

 In this part, the forward resistance of the diode is assume to be


very small that it can be ignored.

 Usually, the diode symbol will be presented together with the label
of Si, Ge or GaAs to represent type of the diode.

 So, it is important to remember the voltage drop across the


diode such as Si = 0.7V, Ge = 0.3V and GaAs = 1.2V.
Series Diode Configuration

 For each configurations the state of the diode must first be
determined either it is in forward biased or reverse biased.
 Find the value of VD, VR and ID
Load Line Analysis

The intersection of the
load line with the
characteristics curve will
determine the point of
operation of the system.
Exercise

 Find the value of VD, VR and ID using load line analysis
and compare the answers for both methods
Exercise

 Find the value of VD, VR and ID using load line analysis
and compare the answers for both methods

8V 2.2k

Repeat the exercise with the diode reversed


Exercise

 Find the value of VD, VR and ID using load line analysis
and compare the answers for both methods

5V 2.2k
Basic Power Supply Circuit

 In many cases, a transformer is used to connect the power


supply to the ac line input to step down the ac input line
voltage to a lower ac voltage
 Rectifier converts ac input voltage to pulsating dc
 Filter reduces the variations in the output of a rectifier
 Regulator maintains a constant dc voltage for the load
supply voltage
Rectifier

The output of rectifier is smoothed by an
electronic filter to produce steady DC current.

There are TWO types of rectifier:


Half-wave rectifier
Full-wave rectifier

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Half-Wave Rectifier

 A rectifier can be created from the series diode
configuration.
 This is done by adding time-varying functions such as
the sinusoidal waveform and the square wave.
 Produces one sine pulse for each cycle of input sine
wave.
 The circuit can be represent by: + +

vi v
_ 0_
Half-Wave Rectifier
 During positive cycle;

 diode will be in forward biased.
 The diode conducts and act like a closed switch.
 The diode letting the positive pulse of the sine wave to
appear across the load resistor

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Half-Wave Rectifier

 During negative cycle;



 the diode will be in reverse biased mode.
 At this condition, no current flow in the circuit.
 No negative voltage appear across the load resistor.
 The output voltage will be zero during the negative cycle.

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Half-Wave Rectifier

The average value of


output voltage is
Vdc  0.318Vm

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Half-Wave Rectifier

 However, in actual case;
 The input signal must be at least 0.7 V before the diode can turn
ON.
 If the input signal is less than 0.7 V, the diode still in open circuit
state and output voltage is 0 V.
 During conduction, the different between input and output
voltage is VK = 0.7 V (for silicon).
Vdc  0.318(Vm  VK )

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Half-wave Rectifier

However, if the output signal a net negative are below the axis
over a full period…

The average value is then determined by:


Vdc = -0.318Vm (ideal diode)
and
Vdc = -0.318(Vm – VD) (practical diode)

 Advantage
 cheap

 Disadvantage
 Least efficient
Half wave Rectifier

 Determine the value of vi , vo and id and sketch the
graph of them and vd when the value of R = 2.2k and
Vdc = 2V. Assume the diode is a silicon diode.
Half-Wave Rectifier

Obtain and sketch the output voltage and determine the
dc level of the output of the circuit.

Figure 16
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Full-Wave Rectifier

 DC level obtained from sine wave input can be improved 100% using
full-wave rectification.
 Full-wave rectifier has TWO types:
 Bridge Rectifier

 Center-Tapped Transformer

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Full-Wave Rectifier – Bridge Rectifier

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Full-Wave Rectifier – Bridge Rectifier

 During negative half cycle (T/2  T)

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Full-Wave Rectifier – Bridge Rectifier

The average value Vdc  0.636Vm


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Full-Wave Rectifier – Bridge Rectifier

Full-wave rectification with the effect of using
silicon diode

The average value Vdc  0.636(Vm  2VK )


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Full-Wave Rectifier – Center-Tapped
Transformer

 During positive cycle (0 
T/2)
 Point A become positive
wrt to point C.
 D1 is in forward biased
and act as closed switch.
 The current flow
through D1 and
load resistor.

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Full-Wave Rectifier – Center-Tapped
Transformer
 During negative cycle (T/2

 T)
 Point B become positive
wrt to point C.
 D2 is in forward biased
and act as closed switch.
 The current flow through
D2 and load resistor.

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Filters
A rectifier circuit is necessary to convert ac signal
to dc signal but the resulting dc signal is not a
pure dc signal
So, a filter is used to obtain a smoother dc signal
Among other types of filters are:
(i) RC filter
(ii) L filter
(iii)LC filter
(iv) - type filter

Filters
 The capacitive filter is the most basic filter type and the
most commonly used
– capacitor connected in parallel with the load
resistance.

1. Initial Charging of Capacitor

+ half cycle, the diode is forward biased.


Vin>Vc; capacitor start to charge.
Filters
2. Vc > Vin, capacitor discharge.
Diode is reversed-biased

3. When Vin>Vc; capacitor charges back to peak of input.


Filters
 The capacitor can be more effectively reduce the
ripple when the time between peaks is shorter.

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