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x y
x x(1) x ( 2) x (3) x ( 4)
T T
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
y y (1) y (2)
Now consider as filtering
p 1 1 1 a 1 a b
q 2 1 1 b 2 a b
a b a b
x x(1)x ( 2) x (3) x ( 4)
FIR Filter H0 y0 [ n ]
1
x[n]
1
x[n 1]
2 2
1 1
y1[n] x[n 1] x[n]
FIR Filter H1 2 2
y y (1) y (2)
Downsample by 2 2
Hence Analysis Filter Bank
1 1
y 0 [n ] x[n 1] x [n ]
2 2
1 1
Y0 ( z ) H0 ( z ) X ( z ) [ z 1] X ( z )
2
1 1
y1[n] x[n 1] x [n ]
2 2
1 1
Y ( z ) H1( z ) X ( z ) [z 1] X ( z )
2
Reconstruction
To do the inverse transform to apply the
satges in reverse
1. Upsampling
2. Filtering (the filters are not
necessarily the same as before)
y 0 [n ] 0 0 0 0
0 0
y1[n] 0 0
0 0 0 0
Upsampling means that there are
zeros at odd n when compared to
their values before downsampling
in the analysis stage.
So combine into single equation
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
y0 and y1 are zero at odd n
Not the same as y0 and y1 output from analysis stage
Because they have 0’s in them!
To avoid confusion….
So how is this modeled?
Hence 2 band filter bank
0 0
0
0 0
Xˆ ( z ) X ( z )
reconstruction to be the same as
the input i.e. a Perfect
Reconstruction Filterbank so …
PR
PR
Lo
Not
Quite Hi that Hi
Not quite so Hi
Level 1 Hi Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
2D Wavelet Transform
LoLo
LoHi
HiLo
HiHi
Downsample
Downsample
Rows
Columns
The Multilevel 2D Discrete Wavelet Xform
Downsample Downsample
Rows Columns
Downsample Downsample
Rows Columns
2D DWT of Lena
COARSE Levels
Fine Levels
What does this do to a signal?
• Need to work out the impulse response of each
equivalent filter output
• Can do this by shifting the downsample
operation to the output of each stage
Lo
Not
Quite Hi that Hi
Not quite so Hi
Hi
𝐻 𝑧 =1+ 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 𝐻 𝑧 2 = 1 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4
What does this do to a signal?
So now we can examine impulse
responses
• There are very many wavelets! Only some are good for
compression and others for analysis
Le Gall 3,5 Tap Filter Set
A TRICKY THING!
HAAR
DCT
Coding with Wavelets
Entropies with RLC
Rate-Distortion Curves
Wavelets for Analysis: Noise
Reduction
Wavelets for Analysis: Noise
Reduction