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D. R. Kirk
PERTINENT SECTIONS
• Chapter 7: Overview of Compressible Flow Physics
– Reads very well after Chapter 2 (§2.7: Energy Equation)
– §7.5, many aerospace engineering students don’t know this 100%
F-104 Starfighter
DYNAMIC PRESSURE FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
• Dynamic pressure is defined as q = ½rV2
• For high speed flows, where Mach number is used frequently, it is convenient to
express q in terms of pressure p and Mach number, M, rather than r and V
• Derive an equation for q = q(p,M)
1
q rV 2
2
1 1 p r 2
q rV
2
rV p V
2
2 2 p 2 p
p
a
2
r
V2
q p 2 pM 2
2 a 2
q p M 2
2
SUMMARY OF TOTAL CONDITIONS
• If M > 0.3, flow is compressible (density changes are important)
• Need to introduce energy equation and isentropic relations
1 2
c pT1 V1 c pT0 p0 1 2 1
2 1 M1
2
p1 2
T0 V1
1 r0 1 2
1
1
T1 2c pT1 1 M1
r1 2
T0 1 2
1 M1 Must be isentropic
T1 2
Requires adiabatic, but does
not have to be isentropic
NORMAL SHOCK WAVES: CHAPTER 8
Upstream: 1 Downstream: 2
M1 > 1 M2 < 1
V1 V2 < V1
p1 P2 > p1
r1 r2 > r1
T1 T2 > T1
s1 s2 > s1
p0,1 p0,2 < p0,1
h0,1 h0,2 = h0,1
T0,1 T0,2 = T0,1 (if calorically
perfect, h0=cpT0)
0.5 10
0.4 8
0.3 6
0.2 4
0.1 2
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Upstream Mach Number, M1
NORMAL SHOCK TOTAL PRESSURE LOSSES
1 Example: Supersonic
Propulsion System
0.9 • Engine thrust increases
0.8
with higher incoming
total pressure which
0.7 enables higher pressure
increase across
0.6 compressor
M2, P02/P01
Upstream: 1 Downstream: 2
1
1 2
M 1 M 2
2
1 1
M 22
n ,1
2
1
2
M 2
M n,2
M n2,1
1
1
2 2
r1 2 1M 12 r1 2 1M n2,1
2
p2
1
2
M 12 1
p2
1
1
M n2,1 1
p1 1 p1
M n,2
M2
sin b q
q-b-M RELATION
Strong
M2 < 1
Shock Wave Angle, b
Weak
M2 > 1
M 12 sin 2 b 1
tan q 2 cot b 2
M 1 cos 2b 2
Deflection Angle, q
SOME KEY POINTS
• For any given upstream M1, there is a maximum deflection angle qmax
– If q > qmax, then no solution exists for a straight oblique shock, and a curved
detached shock wave is formed ahead of the body
– Value of qmax increases with increasing M1
– At higher Mach numbers, the straight oblique shock solution can exist at
higher deflection angles (as M1 → ∞, qmax → 45.5 for = 1.4)
• For any given q less than qmax, there are two straight oblique shock solutions for a
given upstream M1
– Smaller value of b is called the weak shock solution
• For most cases downstream Mach number M2 > 1
• Very near qmax, downstream Mach number M2 < 1
– Larger value of b is called the strong shock solution
• Downstream Mach number is always subsonic M2 < 1
– In nature usually weak solution prevails and downstream Mach number > 1
1 1 1 2
M
1
tan
1
M 1 tan 1 M 2 1
1
m sin 1
M
• If leading edge of swept wing is outside Mach cone, component of Mach number normal
to leading edge is supersonic → Large Wave Drag
• If leading edge of swept wing is inside Mach cone, component of Mach number normal
to leading edge is subsonic → Reduced Wave Drag
• For supersonic flight, swept wings reduce wave drag
WING SWEEP COMPARISON
F-100D English Lightning
SWEPT WINGS: SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
M∞ < 1
SU-27
M∞ > 1
q ~ 26º
m(M=1.2) ~ 56º
m(M=2.2) ~ 27º
SUPERSONIC INLETS
http://odin.prohosting.com/~evgenik1/wing.htm