BER analysis of Conventional and Wavelet based

OFDM in LTE using different Modulation

Techniques
 DOMAIN INTRODUCTION

 Wireless communication, or sometimes simply wireless, is the transfer of information or

power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.

 The most common wireless technologies use radio waves.

 With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as
millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications.

 It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way
radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
 DOMAIN INTRODUCTION (CONT.,)

 Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage
door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio
receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

 Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are

impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires.
 ABSTRACT

 In the OFDM system multiple carriers are used and it provides higher level of spectral
efficiency as compared to Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).

 In the OFDM systems there exist some problems such as Intersymbol interference and
Intercarrier Interference which due to the loss of orthogonality between the subcarriers.

 In order to avoid this problem cyclic prefix is added to the signal before passing into the
channel. By adding that the cyclic prefix data which uses 20% of available bandwidth.

 So the inefficiency of the bandwidth is raised. In order to solve that Wavelet based OFDM
provides good orthogonality and with its use Bit Error Rate (BER) is improved.
 ABSTRACT (CONT.,)

 Wavelet based system does not require cyclic prefix, so spectrum efficiency is increased.

 It is proposed to use wavelet based OFDM at the place of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
based OFDM in LTE.

 We have compared the BER performance of wavelets and DFT based OFDM.
 INTRODUCTION

 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation (MCM)

technique which seems to be an attractive candidate for fourth generation wireless
communication systems.

 OFDM offer high spectral efficiency, immune to the multipath delay, low inter-symbol
interference (ISI), immunity to frequency selective fading and high power efficiency.

 Due to these merits OFDM is chosen as high data rate communication systems such as Digital
Video Broadcasting (DVB) and based mobile worldwide interoperability for microwave access
(mobile Wi-MAX).

 However OFDM system suffers from serious problem of high PAPR.

 INTRODUCTION (CONT.,)

 In this probabilistic approach certain schemes have been proposed by researchers. These
include clipping, coding and signal scrambling techniques.

 Under the heading of signal scrambling techniques there are two schemes included. Which
are Partial transmit sequence and Selected Mapping.

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input and Multiple
Output (MIMO) are two main techniques in the Long term evolution communication process.
 EXISTING SYSTEM

 In the existing system the Discrete Fourier transform is used for the orthogonal basis function.

 First the Random data is generated and then the data is encoded by the encoder and the corresponding
modulation is processed.

 The modulated signal is applied with the inverse Fourier transform is performed.

 After that the cyclic prefix data is added to the modulated signal and then the signal is passed into the
channel with the noise.

 And the aforementioned process are performed on the transmitter side and then the reversal operations
of the aforementioned processes are performed.
 EXISTING SYSTEM (CONT.,)

 In the receiver side the cyclic prefix is removed from the channel output data and then the
pilot synchronization is performed after that the Fourier transform is applied on the
synchronized data and then the demodulation is performed.

 And the demodulated data is decoded at the receiver. Finally the BER performance is
estimated.
 DISADVANTAGES

 By adding cyclic prefix which occupies the 20% bandwidth.

 Spectral efficiency is low.

 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 In the proposed system we are using inverse discrete Fourier transform IDWT and discrete
Fourier transform DWT at the place of IDFT and DFT.

 SUI - 2 channel is used for transmission and cyclic prefixing is not used.

 In the transmission side conventional encoding is performed and then interleaving is performed
on the encoded data.

 Then the data is converted to decimal form and modulation is done.

 After modulation the pilot insertion and sub carrier mapping is performed on the data and then
IDWT of the data, which provides the orthogonality to the subcarriers.
 PROPOSED SYSTEM (CONT.,)

 IDWT will convert time domain signal to the frequency domain.

 After passing through the channel on the signal DWT will be performed and then pilot
synchronization where the inserted pilots at the transmitter are removed then the demodulation is
performed.

 Demodulated data is converted to binary form and the de-interleaved and decoded to obtain the
original data transmitted.

 Finally the performance of the system is evaluated by using the BER analysis.
 ADVANTAGES

 Computational complexity is low.

 Encoding signal at a low bit rate.

 They have better Power spectral density.

 Does not occupy much bandwidth.

 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Operating System : Windows

Software : MATLAB (R2015b)

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Processor : Intel Pentium.

Ram : 2GB
 FLOW DIAGRAM

Data Data Pilot Carrier

Modulation IDWT
Encoding interleaving Insertion mapping

SUI -2
BER channel
Analysis

Pilot
Deinterleav Demodulati
Decoding ing on
synchroniz Demapping DWT
ation
 CLASS DIAGRAM

Input bit stream Reversal operations

Haar & db2 wavelet
generation BER vs. SNR for
transform
16-QAM, 64-QAM,
Encoding Demodulation QPSK
SUI – 2 Channel
Performance
Modulation evaluation ( )
Transmitter ( ) Receiver ( )
 ER DIAGRAM

Input bit Haar

stream Channel db2 wavelet
Modulation Encoding wavelet
generation transform
transform

Input data Transmitter

BER vs. BER vs. Demodulati Reversal

BER vs. Decoding
SNR 16- SNR 64- on operations
QAM QAM SNR QPSK

Performance Receiver
Evaluation
 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Input bit stream

generation

Transmitter
Operations

DWT & SUI

Input signal channel

Receiver
Operations

Performance
Evaluation
 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Performance
Input Transmitter Receiver Evaluation

Input bit stream generation Wavelet transforms Reversal operations

SUI – 2 Channel Demodulation and Decoding

Encoding

Modulation Transmitter operations Bit error rate calculation

 MODULES

 OFDM Symbol Generation Model

 Modulation Model

 SUI – 2 Channel Model

 Performance Analysis
MODULES DESCRIPTION
 OFDM SYMBOL GENERATION MODEL
 OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation
method and is essentially identical to coded OFDM (COFDM) and discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT).

 It is used in such diverse applications as digital television and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and
broadband internet access.

 OFDM has also been adopted in some military communication systems.

 In an OFDM scheme, a large number of orthogonal, overlapping, narrow band sub-channels or

subcarriers, transmitted in parallel, divide the available transmission bandwidth.

 The separation of the subcarriers is theoretically minimal such that there is a very compact spectral
utilization.
 MODULATION MODEL
 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is a method of combining two amplitude-modulated
(AM) signals into a single channel, thereby doubling the effective bandwidth.

 This modulation technique is a combination of both Amplitude and phase modulation

techniques.

 QPSK: quadrature phase shift keying. Quadrature means the signal shifts among phase states
that are separated by 90 degrees. The signal shifts in increments of 90 degrees from 45° to 135°,
-45° (315°), or -135° (225°).

 In this proposed system we use 16-QAM, 64-QAM and QPSK modulation.

 And we will evaluate BER for the each modulation process.

 SUI-2 CHANNEL MODEL
 WiMAX technology is a broadband wireless data communications technology based around
the IEE 802.16 standard providing high speed data over a wide area.

 Stanford University Interim (SUI) model is developed for IEEE 802.16 by Stanford
University.

 Broadband Wireless Access working group proposed the standards for the frequency band
below 11 GHz containing the channel model developed by Stanford University, namely the
SUI models.
 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS MODEL

 The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transmitted
bits over a channel.

 BER although unit-less also expressed in terms of percentage. The bit error rate (BER) is the
number of bit errors per unit time.

 The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of
transferred bits during a studied time interval.

 Bit error ratio is a unit less performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.

 The performance of the system which shows that the proposed DWT based OFDM shows
better results than the DFT based OFDM.
LITERATURE SURVEY
 Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

PAPR Reduction 2013 Mohamed A. In this paper, we present The most There is no
obvious benefit provision to the
Based on DFT Aboul- Discrete Fourier Transform is the reduction encoder.
Precoding for Dahab, Esam (DFT), Discrete Hartley in complexity
and cost because
OFDM Signals A. A. A. Transform (DHT) and of less hardware
Hagras, and Zadoff-Chu Transform (ZCT) usage.

Ahmad A. precoders for both clipping

Elhaseeb and clipping and filtering to
reduce PAPR and BER.
 Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

PAPR Reduction 2012 Kokil Dhiman This paper presented the Allows adaptive In block-type pilot
in OFDM and Tarun results obtained on applying a modulations and arrangement, the
Systems Gulati ZCT pre-coding and post- coding of pilot signal is
coding for the purpose to subcarriers assigned to
reduce PAPR in OFDM particular OFDM
systems with M-QAM block and sent
modulation, where as M=4, periodically in
16, 64, 256. time domain.
 Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Channel 2013 Srishtansh This paper focuses on The major High peak-to-
advantage of average-power
Estimation in Pathak and investigating the effect of OFDM lies in ratio (PAPR), bit
OFDM Systems Himanshu fading in modern digital processing error rate (BER)
frequency- and high
Sharma communication techniques selective channels sensitivity to
such as orthogonal frequency as multiple flat- carrier frequency
fading sub- offset (CFO).
division multiplexing channels.
(OFDM).
 Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Pulse Shaping 2012 Saikrupa, and In this paper we propose a Advantage of low efficiency.
Algorithm for M.N.Giripras study of PAPR and PAPR using the ZCT-R-
PAPR Reduction ad, reduction technique using OFDM is pulse
in ZCT ZCT. The Zadoff-Chu Matrix shaping the
Precoded transform (ZCT) is one type symbol using
OFDM System of technique used to reduce RRC which does
the PAPR analyzed. not require for
increasing the
power, complex
optimization.
 Title Year Author Methodology Advantages Disadvantages

Alamouti STBC 2014 Tincy Mary we propose Zadoff-Chu The performance Time complexity
MIMO OFDM Mathew, matrix Transform (ZCT) of proposed increases.
System using Anirudh precoding based Selected ZCT-SLM based
ZCT Precoded Mudaliar Mapping (SLM) technique to Alamouti STBC
Based SLM reduce the peak-to-average MIMO-OFDM
Technique for power ratio (PAPR) in system
PAPR Reduction Alamouti STBC MIMO- significantly
OFDM systems. The key idea improves the
of this paper is that different PAPR.
phase rotation sequences are
multiplied by their
corresponding input sequence
generated by the STBC
encoder.
 CONCLUSION
 Thus in this proposed system, we analyzed the performance of the system based on the wavelet
based OFDM system and the proposed system is compared with the performance of DFT based
OFDM system.

 The performance of the proposed system which shows that the proposed system which gives better
results than the DFT based OFDM system.

 In that proposed system we use the 16-QAM, 64-QAM and QPSK modulation technique, which are
used in LTE.

 In wavelet based OFDM different types of filters can be used with the help of different wavelets
available
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 REFERENCES

[5] K. Volkan, K. Oguz, “Alamouti coded wavelet based OFDM for multipath fading channels”, IEEE
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