THE STUDY OF

LOGIC
 Etymological Meaning

• The term logic was first introduced by

Zeno the Stoic.
• It came from the Greek word logike, which
has logos, for its cognate Greek word.
• Logos means thought and/or reason.
• Ergo, it etymologically means a treatise on
matters pertaining to thought.
In Biblical Terminology

• Outside academic
discussions, Logos
may also pertain to
Jesus, the Word of
God made flesh.
Aristotle

• According to Aristotle,
Logic is an “Organon” or
instrument for knowing and
explaining the truth…
• Therefore, we take Logic
to mean our ability to
reason well and correctly.
 INFERENCE

• What is thinking?
• …mental process of forming new truth or
conclusion from any given data or
information.
• We call this mental process as inference.
• “to infer”
 INFERENCE

• Inference is but natural for us human

beings…
• We naturally make conclusions from what
we see..
 INFERENCE

• …but it doesn’t mean that what we think is

correct.
• It is also natural for us to make mistakes.
• This is what’s Logic for…
• …it prepares us for one very important
task…
• THINKING
 NATURAL LOGIC

• Common Sense
• …helps us find meaning in our
experiences.
• …guides us in many of our decisions.
• …enables us to conduct our activities
smoothly and beneficially.
• BUT common sense isn’t enough!
 NATURAL LOGIC

• But sometimes we are blinded by…

• Popular beliefs
• Biases
• Appearances
• First Impressions
• That’s why…
– …we need Logic.
 LOGIC

Science Art
 LOGIC IS A SCIENCE

• …it is a science that deals with how we

compose our thoughts….
• …and how we express them clearly and
correctly.
• MO=thoughts and ideas
• FO=the correctness of the process of
thinking.
 LOGIC IS A SCIENCE

• Material Logic
• …deals with our understanding of truth.
• Formal Logic
• …deals with the procedure of presenting
truths.
• Difference between truth and correctness.
 LOGIC IS AN ART

• Order and Harmony

• …sets man free or liberi
• Liberal art
• Fine art
• “Art of all arts”
THE MENTAL OPERATIONS

• Simple Apprehension
• …it produces the concept.
• Judgment
• …affirming or denying the concepts…
• Reasoning
• …present the truth with proofs.
 TYPES OF INFERENCE

• Inductive
• …from specific to general.
• Deductive
• …from general to specific.
 THE SYLLOGISM

• Deductive reasoning
• A method of presenting an inference or
argument.
• …a group of propositions which one is
claimed to follow from the others which are
presented as evidence or support.
 THE SYLLOGISM

• All men are rational

• but Pedro is a man,
• therefore Pedro is rational.
• How about you?
THE IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC

1. …improves our reasoning ability.

2. …makes science possible.
3. …helps us recognize faulty reasoning.
4. …prepares us for the task of leadership.
5. …promotes greater understanding among
people.
6. …hastens the success of a proffesional.
7. …leads us to just laws.
THE IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC

8. …protects society from chaos.

9. ...promises an orderly life.
10.…leads to happiness.
 Review

• What is inference?
• What is the difference between material
and formal logic?
• Explain the difference between truth and
correctness.
 Test your Natural Logic

1. Worse than Bribery or over pricing, Piatco has

been found to compromise the safety of the
passengers and other users of the terminal (NAIA
3). If only for this reason alone, it doesn’t deserve
to be paid a tiny fraction of the 650 million dollars it
has been demanding from the government.
 Test your Natural Logic

2. We should be concerned with preserving the family

unity. Divorce aims to destroy the family, the seat of
our true Christian traditions. “No society has ever
survived after its family has been deteriorated”,
says Dr. Paul Popenoe, Founder of the American
Institute of Family Relations.
 Test your Natural Logic

3. The criminals were caught red-handed, in legal

parlance—in flagrante delicto, literally means “while
the crime is blazing”. So how come that charges
have not been in courts against the culprits?
 Test your Natural Logic

4. Life is already present in the moment of conception

and that life will eventually become a human being,
unless crushed out of existence which is what
abortion does. The fetus is not just a tissue, a
growth. It is a living thing, with life of its own.
Destroying this life, because it is unwanted, is
morally wrong.
 Test your Natural Logic

5. If an agency is not licensed by POEA, then it

cannot engage in any recruitment activity.
Recruitment of workers, if done by an unlicensed
agency is illegal and that agency is an illegal
recruiter.
Thank You for listening!