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INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
1.1 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
Classification by order and linearity
Example 1: Example 2:
d2y dy
1 x 2 4 x 5 y cos x sin y cos y 2
dx dx
d3y dy
or sin 3 cos 2
or 1 x y 4xy 5 y cos x d d
as y 1 x 0 ,
2 dx
dy
we see that the ODE is linear in x.
Writing y 2 1 dx xdy 0
dy
as x y 2 1 ,
dx
we see that the ODE is nonlinear in y.
Solution of an ODE
Example 1:
1
Verify that y is an explicit solution of the
4 x2
differential equation y 2 xy 2
Solution of an ODE
1
y
4 x2
2
2x 1
y 2x 2
2 xy 2
4 x
2
4 x2
1
y is a solution of the ODE.
4 x 2
Solution of an ODE
1 dy
1
2 y 1 2 y 1 y 1 dx
ln x
y 1 dy
2 y 1 y 1
ln 2 y 1 ln y 1 x dx
y 11 2 y
Differentiating wrt x,
2 dy 1 dy 2 y 1
2 y 1 dx y 1 dx
1 ln x is an
y 1
2 1 dy implicit solution of
1
2 y 1 y 1 dx ODE.
2 y 2 2 y 1 dy
1
2 y 1 y 1 dx
Example 3:
Solution of an ODE
c1et
Verify that the family of functions y
1 c1et
dy
is a solution of the differential eqn. y 1 y
dt
Solution:
y
c1et
dy
1 1 1 1
1 c e t
c e t
c e t
c e t
1 c1et dt 1 c e
1
t 2
c1et c1et
1 t
y 1 y
1 c1et 1 c1e
t
The family of functions y 1c e
is a solution of
1 c1e t