parts to help them adopt and survive in the environment . Digestion Digestion is a process by which the organisms break down food into forms that their cells may absorb and use. How do Animals Digest and get nutrition from their food?
Different animals have different
ways on how they digest their food Digestion in humans The human digestive system has two major roles in the human body system: to break down food into smaller usable food molecules, and to absorb the food molecules for further use of the body cells. Pathway of Food Digestion Respiration The exchange of respiratory gases (O and CO²) between the external environment and the organism’s body or cell are called Respiration HOW DO ANIMALS RESPIRE? •Sponges (Porifera) and Hydra (Cnidaria) No special respiratory organs Respiration occurs when water passes through the organism's body cavity •Earthworms (Annelids) and Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) - Respiration occurs in their moist skin surface where oxygen is carried by the hemoglobin dissolved in the blood In some Aquatic animals: Fish - Gas exchange occurs with the help of gills * Countercurrent Flow - water flows over gills in one direction while blood flows in the oposite direction through gill capillaries “Gas exchange in humans” In humans and most mammals, exchange of gasses occurs in organized respiratory system. Two Sections: • Upper Respiratory Tract Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx •Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS NERVOUS SYSTEM Responsible for sending, receiving and interpreting information from all parts of the body NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMALS Sponges Jellyfish, Hydra Starfish Flatworms, & other related Annelids, animals Insects, certain Molluscs& All Vertebrates No nervous No central Nerve ring Bilateral body system nervous system symmetry No brain Nerve net Nerve cord with Ganglion No neuron cells Large Ganglion HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM processing center for the nervous system Parts: 1. Brain 2. Spinal cord PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Parts: 1. Sensory Cells 2. Motor Cells NEURONS carry messages or nerve impulses through an electrochemical process * Ganglion - group of neuron cells Parts: 1. Nucleus 2. Organelles 3. Dendrites 4. Axons Types of Neurons 1. Sensory neurons 2. Motor neurons 3. Interneuron CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Circulation - Transport of nutrients, oxygen and get rid of waste products of the body cells Blood Vascular System Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
Blood flows through Open spaces (Lacunae & Closed vessels
Sinuses) Blood flows at Very slow velocity Very high velocity Body cavity Filled with blood Haemocol is absent (Haemocoel) Internal organs Bathed by blood Not direct contanct with blood Time to complete circulation Long time Short time Supply and elimination of Very slow Very rapid materials Exchange of materials takes Blood and sinuses Capillaries place Blood flow Cannot be regulated Can be regulated Examples Arthropods (Grasshoppers Earthworms & some and cockroaches Vertebrate -Ammar ShirazA. Hashim -Jonylle Ybanez -Ayahbel Leparto