Traffic Engineering

Bonifacio, Jomabelle
Calauod, Jomar B.
De Leon, Jerahmeel M.
Solis, Czarina Kristen Y.
Villarroel, Juan Miguel H.
Group Members

Engr. Gerand Boy O. Elinzano

Instructor
Outline
Erlang
Erlang B
Busy Hour
Full Availability

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Objectives
1. Define and explain telephone traffic.
2. Identify the factors affecting telephone traffic
engineering and grade of service.
3. Apply the learned concept.

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic
• refers to aggregate of all user requests
being serviced by the network.
• the aggregate of telephone calls over a
group of circuits or trunks with regard to the
number and duration of calls.
• quantifies telephone line usage.
• the total occupied time of circuit, switches,
or other traffic paths

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic
• The usage of a transmission route or switch
brings us into the realm of traffic engineering.
• The usage may be defined by two parameters:
1. Calling rate - the number of times a route or
traffic path is used per unit time period
2. Holding time - the average duration of
occupancy of one or more paths by calls

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic
• Telephone traffic is difficult to predict.
• Example:

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Attempt - any effort on the part of a traffic source
(subscriber, line, selector), to seize a circuit,
switch or other traffic channel.
Call - any actual engagement or seizure of a
circuit, switch, or other traffic channel.
Calling rate - the number of calls per unit of time.
(Busy Hour)
Call Concentration- the ratio of busy hour to total
day calls. (Length of Day - the reciprocal of call
concentration) ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Holding time- the length of time during which a
call engages a traffic path or channel.
Traffic density- the traffic per time unit. (CCS per
busy hour or BH CCS)
Traffic rate - the busy hour traffic density per
traffic source. (BH CCS per traffic source, BH
ERL per traffic source)

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Traffic path - channel, time slot, frequency band,
line, trunk switch, or circuit over which individual
communications pass in sequence.
Lost calls - Offered traffic minus carried traffic;
one that does not make it through a switch
Grade of service- a measure of probability, that
during a specified period of peak traffic a call
offered to a group of trunks or circuits will fail to
find an idle circuit at the first attempt.
ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Carried traffic - is the volume of traffic actually
carried by a switch
Offered traffic - is the volume of traffic offered to
a switch

Where: AO = offered traffic

AC = carried traffic

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Busy Hour Definitions (CCITT Rec. E.600)
1. Busy Hour - refers to the traffic volume or
number of call attempts, and is that
continuous 1-h period lying wholly in the time
interval concerned for which this quantity (i.e.,
traffic volume or call attempts) is greatest.
2. Peak Busy Hour - The busy hour each day; it
usually is not the same over a number of days.

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Terminologies
Busy Hour Definitions (CCITT Rec. E.600)
3. Time Consistent Busy Hour - The 1-h period
starting at the same time each day for which
the average traffic volume or call-attempt
count of the exchange or resource group
concerned is greatest over the days under
consideration.

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
Traffic – obtained as a product of calls and the
average holding time of those calls

where: A = traffic flow/intensity (Erlang)

C = calling rate per hour (calls/hour)
H = average duration (holding time) of a call (hours/call)

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
Example:
Suppose that the average holding time is 2.5
minutes and the calling rate in the BH for a
particular day is 237. What is the traffic flow?

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
The preferred unit of traffic intensity is the erlang.
Named after the Danish mathematician A.K.
Erlang (Copenhagen Telephone Company, 1928)
• The erlang is a dimensionless unit
• Erlang represents a circuit occupied for one
hour. (1 erlang = 1 Call-hour (Ch) = 60 call-
minutes (Cm))

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
There is another unit called unit call (UC) or the
synonymous term, ‘hundred call-second (CCS)’
1 erlang = 30 CCS
Another unit is the traffic unit (TU) is the average
intensity in one or more traffic paths carrying an
aggregate traffic of 1 Ch in 1 h (the busy hour
unless otherwise specified)
1 E (erlang) = 1 TU (numerically)

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
Equated busy hour call (EBHC) is a European
unit of traffic; the average intensity in one or more
traffic paths occupied in the BH by one 2-min call
or an aggregate duration of 2 min
1 erlang = 30 EBHC

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]
Telephone Traffic Measurement
Assuming a 1-h time-unit interval:
1 E = 30 EBHC = 36 CCS = 60 Cm

• Traffic measurements used for long-term

network planning are usually based on the
traffic in the busy hour (BH)

ECE Elective
3: Telephony
[TELECOM]