Textbook of Logic

A. Wolf

Judgment and Terms

Logic is the study of the general conditions of valid inference ( of proof) vv

Inference . An inference is inferred judgment , or from other judgment.
All knowledge and all beliefs consist of judgments.
A judgment or belief expressed in language is commonly called a proposition.
Term: The word or words which is used as subject and predicate in a proposition
Called term.
 There is an urgent need of philosophical study to
develop a habit of thinking logically ,
systematically and persistently.

 The man who are philosophical minded , he

must deals with philosophical problem. Logic or
mathematics or physics or astronomy etc. may
thus stimulate philosophical interest.

 Thus logic is the study of general conditions of

valid inferences or of proof , which is necessary
to describe knowledge and mere beliefs. The
term belief is synonymous with judgment as
the term used in logic and psychology.


 1 Judgment and Proposition

 2. Implication and Inference
 3. Judgment and Terms
 Judgment and Proposition :
 The term belief is synonymous with
judgment as the term is used in Logic &
Psychology.
 There are two kind of judgments in respect
of their origin or felt origin. Some are
originally derived from other judgments,
while others are not so derived. For example
, … Such a derived belief or judgment is
called an inference.
 But in fact a judgments cannot explain
and discuss with others except
through medium of propositions .
 It denotes:

 Verbal expression of an actual judgment or

beliefs
 Verbal expression of a suggestion, or
supposition, or a merely potential judgment.
 These will play an important play among
thoughtful and critical people.

 All such suggestions which expressed in language

, are called proposition.
 Any statement which can be true or false is
called a proposition; no matter whether it is
believed, disbelieved or merely under
consideration.
 IMPLICATION AND INFERENCE
 Logic is the study of inferences not of belief
generally.
 Implication and inferability are correlative
terms-
 Certain conclusions are inferable from certain
premises .

 It also equivalent to saying that those

premises imply those of conclusion.
 The problem of inferability is therefore the
same as that of implication.
 The question of general conditions of valid
inferences may be answered by considering the
implications of the different types of
proposition regarded as potential premises.
 When we distinguish between the meaning of a
statement and its application we really
distinguish between its more obvious and its less
obvious sense. …
 Meaning and application is difference of
measure

 Implication may used in an inclusive

sense with obvious direct meaning of the
statement.

 -------------
 JUDGEMENTS AND TERMS

 Knowledge is a power which help the man to

struggle for existence. Because it gives a
man more effective orientation .
 This new kind of intellectual orientation
consists of thought or judgments.
 Learn from past experience
 Objects & situations
 Simplest kinds of judgememt
a, something confronting us
b,in some way interest to us
c, recgognised as being an object or quality
d. Which we have concept or idea – such judgments when expressed in
language are the form of simple utterance- rain ,fog.
 The concept by means of which the object or situation is recognized is
called predicate.

 The observed object which called for recognitation or interpretation is

called subject.