TRENDS AND

ISSUES IN SOCIAL
STUDIES
A RELATED REVIEW
Prepared by:
Sir Jestony L. Matilla, LPT
Bio. Sci. & Soc. Stud Instructor
The most important thing in taking LET:

■ Have an enough review on important topics. Memorize but most importantly familiarize.
■ Set your goals. To PASS and TOP the LET.
■ Don’t stress yourself about how can you manage your time when taking the LET. Be confident
and smile.
■ Use mnemonics and simple strategies in doing your review.
■ Follow your basic instincts. Do not skip with the choices. Remember, every item is worth of 1
minute of your time.
■ Don’t be rush.
■ Eat before you go.
■ Be on time on the day of the exam.
■ PUT GOD first. Remember that prayers move us to different pace. Make peace with your body
and mind. Chances are 10 % for what you know 90% for PRAYER.
 I
POPULATION AND RELATED ISSUES
■ POPULATION
– Comes from Greek word populous, mean people
– Considered both an influence on society and phenomenon which is subject to
social influence.
– Number of people living in a given area
 Demography
 Science of population
 Is defined as the study of the size, distribution and changes in population
■ POPULATION GROWTH
– Means the increase in the size of population
Components of Population Change

1. FERTILITY
– A demographic phenomenon greatly responsible for setting population trends
– Often viewed as the main variable in population change and it is negatively
considered as crux of the Philippine population problem
– Actual reproduction
– Means that a woman has actually given birth to a live child.
■ Fecundity – or the biological capacity of a woman to have children in the future time.
■ Refers to potential reproduction
■ Begins at menarche or the onset of menstruation
Several methods to measure fertility

■ Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

– Which is computed by dividing the number of live births during a calendar year
to the midyear population of the same period, expressed per 1000 population.
■ General Fertility Rate (GFR)
– More refined measure of fertility which is the number of births occurring in
calendar year to 1000 women of childbearing ages 15-49
■ Differential Fertility
– Is the fertility of each various social groups comprising a given population
– Indicates the variation observed in fertility within or among population
Several Factors influencing Differential
Fertility
■ Education
– Most important factor influencing fertility in Philippines
– The higher the education attainment, esp. that of a woman, the lower is the
number of children.
■ Occupation of the Father and Income
– There is an inverse relation between the number of children and income
■ Rural-Urban Differential
– Fertility is higher in rural areas
■ Age at Marriage
– Delayed marriage means lesser exposure to fertility and therefore reduces the
number of children born to a woman
■ Ambition
– The desire to maintain or to secure a good social status.
Components of Population Change

2. MORTALITY
– Refers to death
– It is negative component of population change, believed to reduce population
– Has an unequal impact on the various age groups of a population.
– Is an indicator of health conditions of a given society
Several measures to study Mortality
Trends
■ Crude Death Rate (CDR)
– Commonly used measure in mortality which is the number of deaths per 1000
population
■ Age Specific Death Rate
– Is the number deaths of person in a given age-group per 1000 population of that
age-group.
■ Infant Mortality
– Is a special mortality measure to indicate the death rate of children in their first
year of life
– It is expressed as the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births.
– It indicates how many babies die before reaching the age one
Several measures to study Mortality
Trends
■ Death Rate by Cause of Date
– This rate is commonly expressed in terms of deaths from a given country
expressed in terms of deaths from a given disease (cause of death) per
100,000 population
■ Maternal Mortality Rate
– States the number of mothers dying per 1000 live births
– The risks of childbirth is highest at the later ages.
Components of Population Change
■ MIGRATION
– The movement of people from one are to another to settle permanently

■ TWO GENERAL KINDS OF MIGRATION

– International migration- is the movement of people from one country to
another to settle permanently
■ Immigration- the coming into the country of which a person is not a citizen for
permanent residence.
■ Emigration- the going from one’s country for permanent residence in another
country
– Internal migration- is the movement of people from one part of the country to
another for permanent residence
■ May be out-migration or in-migration
THE PHILIPPINE POPULATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (PPMP)
Commission on Population (POPCOM) with support from the
United Nations Population Fund (UNPF 1997)
■ The PPP has always been concerned with achieving a balance between population
growth, available resources and state of the environment and natural resources
■ P for population
■ R for resources (financial and man-made)
■ E for environment and natural resources
– P-R-E means that in order to have a population (P) that is healthy, educated,
gainfully employed, etc., we need to have adequate resources (R) for
education, health and other services and a healthy environment (E)
 II.
MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY: NATURE AND SCOPE
■ MARRIAGE- is an institution admitting a man and woman to family life, that is, living
in the intimate personal relations of husband and wife for the primary purpose of
begetting and rearing children.
■ TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF MARRIAGE
– LEGAL POINT OF VIEW
■ Considers a contract bet. A man and a woman to live together as husband and wife
for the discharge of the duties they legally assume to each other and to the
community.
– RELIGIOUS POINT OF VIEW
■ (Catholic) is that marriage is a sacrament (sacred institution) whose main purpose
is to beget, rear, and educate children and to maintain a permanent social
relationship with mutual responsibility to each spouse.
THE SELECTION OF MARRIAGE MATES

■ ENDOGAMY
■ When one is allowed to marry within his group only, that is, he marries one of his
own race, religion, social class, or locality

■ EXOGAMY
■ If he is allowed to marry outside his group.
The Number of Marriage Spouses
■ MONOGAMY
– Refers to the marriage of one male to one female at any given time.
– This form of marriage is universally accepted as superior to all others.
■ POLYGAMY
– is plural marriage, it is the practice of marrying more than one mate.
■ TWO KIND OF POLYGAMY
– POLYGYNY
■ Refers to the marriage of one male to more than one female
– Polyandry
■ Indicates the marriage of one female to more than one male.

■ GROUP MARRIAGE
– Signifies the marriage of several men and women among primitive societies.
THE NATURE OF THE FAMILY

■ FAMILY
– Defined as a group of persons united by ties of blood or adoption which
provides for the rearing of children and supplying their needs.
– Basic unit of the society
– Where we first acquire our social position in the society
VARIATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF
RESIDENCE
■ MATRILOCAL SYSTEM
– When the young married couple required to take up residence with the bride’s
parents
■ PATRILOCAL SYSTEM
– Requires the couple to reside in the groom’s home.
■ NEOLOCAL
– When newly married couple sets up residence apart from the family of either
bride or groom
VARIATION IN TRACING DESCENT

■ MATRILINEAL
– Descent requires the children to trace their family line to the mother and
mother’s kin.
■ PATRILINEAL DESCENT
– Where descent is traced through the father and kinship relations
■ BILATERAL
– Descent allows the children to trace their lineage through both the father and
the mother.
VARIATIONS IN THE LOCALITY OF
AUTHORITY
■ EQUALITARIAN
– The husband and wife both exercise almost equal authority over the children
– Both father and mother work outside the home
■ MATRICENTRIC
– The mother is the center of the family.
– This is the type that is emerging in the suburban areas of large cities where the
family is organized more around the mother than around the father.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE FAMILY

■ EXTENDED FAMILY (Consanguineal Family)

– This family is generally composed of grandparents, married sons, their wives and
children, and unmarried sons and daughters living together in one household.
– Characteristically, the head of the family may be the oldest male with the highest
status.
– Which emphasizes the importance of blood relations (kinship)

■ NUCLEAR FAMILY (Conjugal Family)

– The primary or elementary family, composed of the father, the mother and their
children.
– Usually found in the urban areas where space (home) and the food (cost of living)
are at premium.
– The parents and their offspring are the center of importance.
VARIATIONS DUE TO ORIGIN

■ FAMILY OF ORIENTATION
– The family into which he is born and reared
– Status position is ascribed and unchangeable

■ FAMILY OF PROCREATION
– The family in which he begets children and has the responsibilities of providing
for them
– Either of the married couple or both must leave the household of the family of
orientation
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY

■ BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
■ AFFECTIONAL FUNCTION
■ SOCIALIZATION FUNCTION
■ STATUS FUNCTION
■ ECONOMIC FUNCTION
■ RECREATIONAL FUNCTION
■ SOCIAL CONTROL FUNCTION
■ RELIGIOUES FUNCTION
CHANGES IN THE FAMILY

■ INDUSTRIALIZATION
■ URBANIZATION
■ DEMOCRATIC IDEALS
■ RELIGIOUS VIEWS
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

■ DESERTION
– When one of the partners to the marriage deliberately severs his ties and leaves
his family
■ SEPARATION
– Is the result of desertion
– It breaks up the marriage relation partially, although the marriage remains in force,
the husband and wife either informally or illegally set up separate households.
■ ANNULMENT
– Is the process which makes the marriage contract null and void, decides that there
was no marriage contract at all.
■ DIVORCE
– The absolute dissolution of marriage bond
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION

■ ROBERT HARPER
– States that the main contributing factors in divorce are probably the various
change’s in women’s role, less disgrace attached to divorce, the growth of
pleasure philosophy, increased childlessness, lack of training for marriage and
parenthood, higher standards for married life, and the emotional immaturity of
those who enter marriage.
The EMPTY-SHELL FAMILY

■ Wherein the members of the family no longer feel satisfying emotional relations with
each other, but for some reason the husband and wife do not separate or divorce.
ART. 55 OF THE NEW FAMILY CODE THE BASES
FOR LEGAL SEPARATION OR RELATIVE DIVORCE
IN PHILIPPINES
■ Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common
child or a child of the petitioner
■ Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political
affiliates
■ Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, to engage prostitution
■ Final judgment sentencing respondent to imprisonment of more than 6 years, even if pardoned
■ Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent
■ Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent
■ Contracting of the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage
■ Sexual infidelity or perversion
■ Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner
■ Abandonment of the petitioner by the respondent without justifiable cause for more than 1 year
MARITAL CONFLICT

■ SITUATIONAL CONFLICT
– These are the usual day-to-day discord or bickering of husband and wife on
matters which are trivial or petty but momentary and brief.
■ PERSONALITY CONFLICTS
– These conflict arise because of some psychological characteristics of one of
the mates.
■ STRUCTURAL CONFLICT
– Husband and wife may agree to the roles they will play in marriage but society
may frustrate their being performed.
 ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS
■ SWINGING
– Husband and wife swap sexual partners with another couple.
– These individuals look at traditional marriage as very restrictive in terms of
sexual freedom
– They contend that extramarital sex and the honesty about it, actually
strengthen the marriage bond
■ COHABITATION
– Unmarried man and woman live together and share a personal and sexual
relationship
■ COMMUNE FAMILY
■ Several monogamous couples with their children live in the same house and share
common facilities, resources and experiences
■ Group marriage, where all individuals are married to each other and are parents to
the children. This form rarely found
ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS

■ OPEN MARRIAGE
– Advocated by Nena and George O’Neil. They proposed that married couples
should have sexual equality
■ DUAL-CAREEER MARRIAGE
– This is a dual-breadwinner nuclear family.
– Here both husband and wife pursue their careers and treat each other as
companions and equal
■ SECOND-CAREER FAMILY
– Here the wife takes a job or attend a college when the children begin school or
after they have left home permanently
FAMILY PLANNING: FOR A BETTER
QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE FILIPINO
■ FAMILY PLANNING
– Is defined as the process of regulating and spacing the births of children and
helping subfertile couples beget children.

■ THE NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING

– Health concerns
– Economic concerns
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH
SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS
■ THE CUT 380A INTRA-UTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
– It is a tiny mechanical device inserted into the uterus which prevents the
meeting of the sperm and egg cells. It is 99.0% effective.
■ THE TRISPHASIC PILLS
– Latest birth control. These pills do not only prevent pregnancy, but also reduce
the incidence of cancer in the ovary and the uterus. It also prevents cystic
growth in the breast if used continuously for some length of time according to
US Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. It is 99.1% effective
■ NORISTERAT
– An injectable contraception administered every two months which inhibits
ovulation for the period. 99% effective
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH
SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS
■ NORPLANT
– A contraceptive consisting of several capsules implanted under the skin. It
protects one against pregnancy for 5 years. 99.9% effective.
■ CONDOM
– A barrier method for men which does not only protect the woman against
pregnancy but also against sexually-transmitted diseases esp. AIDS. 75-98%
effective
■ FEMALE CONDOM
– One of the latest and most popular in US and Europe, which the woman
inserts into the vagina before sexual contact. It is not commercially available in
the Philippines because of its high cost (US $2.00 each)
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH
SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS
■ Spermicides
– Are chemical contraceptives that kill/ immobilize the sperm after their entry to
the vagina and womb. Sold in drugstores in the form of jelly, cream, foam
tables or suppositories.
■ Cervical Caps
– It is dome shape plastic or rubber cap made to fit the cervix. It is usually used
with spermicides
■ Diaphragm
– It is a shallow rubber cup designed to cover the womb opening to prevent entry
of the sperms.
■ Douche
– This is the washing away of sperms and semen in the womb with a medicated
solution after sexual intercourse
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH
SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS
■ Sterilization
– Involves the permanent cutting or tying of the fallopian tube or vas deferens to
prevent the meeting of egg and sperm cell. Generally 100% effective
■ Tubal Ligation
– Is a surgery performed by tying or cutting the fallopian tube of the woman to
prevent entry of egg from the ovary. This is a surgery usually performed after
childbirth
■ Vasectomy
– A form of sterilization that ties or cuts the vas deferens to prevent the passage of
sperms from the urethra
– It takes 2-3 months before semen will be completely free from sperm.
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS: BIRTH
SPACING/LIMITATION METHODS
■ Rhythm
– Most widely approved contraception. It is legal, inexpensive, free from religious
objection and from physical and medical side effects.
– Based on the principles that a woman produces one ripe egg every 28 days that
can live and be fertilized within 24 hours. Sperm on the other hand, can live in the
womb of the woman for 48 hours after ejaculation
– Can also be means through calendar method, temperature method, ovulation
method
■ Withdrawal
– Refers to common method of withdrawing the penis before ejaculation. It requires
tremendous self-control on the part of the male and causes frustration on the part
of the female
■ Celibacy
– Is voluntary and total abstinence from any sexual contact.
FERTILITY TESTER

PG/53
- A new device by which a gadget is used to determine the fertility of a woman
by the use of her saliva or uterine cervical mucus to indicate her period of
fertility.
 SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL
CONSCIENCE
■ VALUES
– Are shared conceptions or convictions, or beliefs in what are considered
desirable or undesirable
RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE
SYSTEM
■ PAGGALANG
– Means respect for elders (parents, grandparents, older brothers and sisters,
older relatives, teachers, superiors, etc.
■ PARTRIARCHALISM
– This is basic structure which fosters the attitude of authoritarianism. It means
superior-inferior relationship.
■ TWO ATTITUDES CONSIDERED NEGATIVE RELATED TO PAGGALANG
– PAKIKIALAM
■ Suppresses the innate ability of the person to achieve more because of suspicion
– TUNGKULIN NG PANGANAY SA PAMILYA
RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE
SYSTEM
■ PAGMAMAY-ARI (PROPERTY OWNERSHIP)
– Tendency to regard highly the attainment of possessions.
■ NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF PAG-MAMAY-ARI
– ANG ANAK AY KAYAMANAN
■ CHILDREN ARE HIGHLY VALUED. BECAUSE EOF THIS VALUE PARENTS ARE OVER-
PROTECTIVE OF THEIR CHILDREN, GIVING NO ROOM TO DEVELOP INDEPENDENCE
AND SELF-RELIANCE.
– PAGKATITULADO
■ THIS ATTITUDE DISTORTS THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION
■ THE ATTRIBUTES THAT PUTS EMPHASIS ON STATUS LEADS TO DISCRIMINATION
AND SHARPENS THE AWRENESS OF INEQUALITY.
– PAGPAPAHALAGA SA PAMILYA
■ THE FAMILY DEMANDS LOYALTY FROM ITS MEMBERS AND COMPELS THEM TO
PLEASE THE WHOLE FAMILY IN ANY UNDERTAKING.
RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE
SYSTEM
■ PAKIKISAMA
– Is the concept of good public relations or yielding to the will of the majority or the
leader of the group.
■ BAHALA NA/ I-DON’T CARE COME-WHAT-MAY ATTITUDE
– This value rests on a belief that one can leave matter as they are by following “the
line of resistence” or without exerting any effort because the supernatural spirits
will take care of everything for everybody.
■ HIYA OR SHAME
– is a social sanctions that regulates all aspects of social behavior. It disciplines the
individual to conform to social norms.
■ WALANG HIYA
– Is the term given to a deviant who refuses to live up to the standards of the society.
OTHER ASPECTS OF HIYA OR DEFENSE
MECHANISM
■ AMOR PROPIO
– Is a Spanish term meaning self-esteem. It moderates one’s behavior to be in
constant social grace.
■ PALABRA DE HONOR or word of honor
– Observances of higher values and ideals. It brings a person to an awareness of
responsibility that touches his integrity.
■ DELICADESA
– A sense of propriety which can bring to the Filipino the kind of refinement that
is measuring stick of gentleman or a lady.
RE-EXAMINING THE PHILIPPINE VALUE
SYSTEM
■ MACHISMO
– Masculinity or male supremacy
– Is considered a negative value because it revolves around the double standard of
morality.
– This value system allows and tolerates certain behavior in men, but not in women.
■ QUERIDA SYSTEM
– Is the attitude that a woman’s place is confined at home. This attitude serves to
limit the involvement of women.
■ PAKIKIPAGKAPWA-TAO OR CONCERN FOR OTHERS
– Is manifested in a basic sense of justice and fairness to others.
– Father Frank Lynch used the term SIR (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)