Transmission Line Parameters

Capacitance
Example 3.5  r  1.0 r  0.5in r *  0.7788r  0.7788  0.5

0  Dm 
La  ln 
2  Rb 

   d 
1 1
Dm  d ab d ab d ab
(1) ( 2) ( 3) 3 (1) ( 2) ( 3) 3
ac d ac d ac

 
1
 0.7788  0.5  18  0.22 ft
1
Rb  r d12 * 2 2
  20  20  40
(1) ( 2) ( 3)
d ab d ab d ab

 40  20  20
(1) ( 2) ( 2)
d ac d ac d ac

Dm  20  20  40  25.2

1
3

4 10 7  25.2  7
La  ln
 0.22   9.47  10 H /m
2
 Electrical Fields and Capacitance

Electric fields are related to difference in voltage : Voltage is analogous to pressure

in a water pipe. The higher the voltage difference the stronger will be the resultant
electric fields. An electric field will exist even when there is no current flowing

Magnetic fields are related to the amount of current that is flowing. Current is
analogous to the rate of fluid flow in a water pipe. The greater the current the stronger
the magnetic fields.
Test Charge
 Voltage is the change in electric potential energy per unit charge
(joules /unit charge).

Joule J
1 volt  1 1
Coulomb C

1 volt (V) = 1 joule (J) of energy transferred per 1 coulomb (C) of charge.

( Voltage is always between two points )

V
E (electric field intensity) 
d

q  CV C  Capacitance
Electric Field Magnetic field

Electric charge q (in coulombs ) Magnetic Flux Ф (inWebers)

q   D  da    B  da
A A

Electric Field Intensity (E) Volts(EMF)/meter Magnetic Field Intensity (H)

mmf/unit length

ampere-turns/meter
Electric Flux Density (D) Coulombs/m2 Magnetic Flux Density (B)

Webers/m2

Permittivity ( ε ) Permeability (μ )
  D  dA  qe
A
qe : total charge enclosed

q : coulombs per meter of length

q
D(2Rh)  qh  D 
2R
D  E    0 r
B  H   0  8.85 10 12 f / meter
q
E
Voltage difference between any
2R
two points α and β
R R

V  VP  VP   E  dl    E  dl

R R
R

R
 R
q dR
V    
R
2 R

V 
q
2
ln R  ln R 

q R
V  ln
2 R
Radial distance of α from the
wire
q R
V  ln
2 R Radial distance of β from the wire
 (1)
V Potential difference due to q1

( 2)
V Potential difference due to q2

We know q R
V  ln
2 R
 q1 R1

(1)
V ln
2 R1

q2 R 2

( 2)
V ln
2 R 2
By superposition

V  V  V

(1) ( 2)

q1 R1 q2 R 2
V  ln  ln
2 R1 2 R 2

1  R1 R 2 

V  q1 ln  q 2 ln
2  R1 R 2 

 Generalization per multi-conductor case

1  R1 R 2 R n 

V  q1 ln  q 2 ln  ........q n ln
2  R1 R 2 R n 

n


1 R i
 qi ln (C.1)
2 i 1 R i

We want to obtain the potential difference between

point Pβ and a reference point Pα where Pα is faraway
from the conductor

However this makes each term in the above n

equation very large . To avoid this similar to
inductance case, we assume total charges on the q  0
i 1
i

conductor sum to zero.

 n n n n

2  2 
  q ln R
1 R i 1 1 1 1 1
V  q ln  (qi ln 
 qi ln R i ) 2 qi ln  i
Ri 2
i i

i 1
R i i 1
R i i 1 i 1

(C.1)
n


1
Add to (C.1)  qR 1
2
i
i 1


1 R i
V   q ln
2
i
i 1
R i

n n

2   q (ln R
1 1 1
 qi ln  i  ln R1 )
2
i
i 1
R i i 1

n n

2   q ln R
1 1 1 R i
 qi ln  (C.2)
2
i
i 1
R i i 1 1
 V  lim P   V

R i
1
R1

n n

2   q ln R
1 1 1 R i
 qi ln  (C.2)
2
i
i 1
R i i 1 1

2 
1 1
V  qi ln (C.3)
i 1
R i
R i Distance between Pβ and center of the ith conductor
If Pβ is on the ith conductor , then R i radius of the ith conductor
For example we can compute the voltage at a point on the conductor 1 as


1 1
V  qi ln
2 i 1
R i

n


1 1
V1  qi ln
2 i 1
R1i

R1,1 r1 is the radius of conductor 1

R1,i d1i is the distance between center lines of conductors 1 and i

1  1 1 1 
V1  
 q1 ln  q 2 ln  .........q n ln   (C.4)
2  r1 d12 d1n 
 For general case : conductor “k”

1  1 1 1 1 
Vk  
 q1 ln  q2 ln  .........qk ln  .......qn ln 
2  d k1 dk2 rk d kn  (C.5)

1  1 1 1 
V1  
 q1 ln  q 2 ln  .........q n ln 
2  r1 d12 d1n 



1  1 1 1 1 
Vk   q1 ln  q 2 ln  .........q k ln  .......qn ln 
2  d k1 dk2 rk d kn 


1  1 1 1 1
Vn   q1 ln  q 2 ln  .........qk ln  .......q n ln 
2  d n1 d n2 d nk rn 
 In matrix form

 1 1 1 1 1 1 
ln  ln  ln
V1   2 r1 2 d1k 2 d1n   q1 
 
   
   1 1 1 1 1 1  
Vk    ln ln ln q 
   2 d k1 2 rk 2 d kn   k 
    
Vn   1 
1 1 1 1 1  q n 
ln ln ln
 2 d n1 2 d nk 2 rn 

v  F q
q  F 1v q  Cv

C  F 1
 Three Phase Example
qc

What is the Capacitance?

p
1  1 1 1 1 
Vk   q1 ln  q2 ln  .........qk ln  .......qn ln 
2  d k1 dk2 rk d kn 
qa qb

1  1 1 1 Potential at p?
Va   q a ln  qb ln  q c ln 
2  r D D 1  1 1 1 
Vp  q a ln  qb ln  qc ln
n
2  R pa R pb R pc 
q  0
i 1
i
0
q a  qb  q c  0 p can be reference potential

D 1
Va  q a ln
C
q 2 r 2 
v Ca 
D
ln
r