The document discusses the nature of science. It outlines several key principles:
1. Science is a method of understanding the natural world through evidence-based inquiry. Theories and hypotheses are tested through experiments and observations.
2. The scientific method involves forming hypotheses to explain phenomena, making predictions, and testing predictions through experiments and additional data collection.
3. Scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to future revision or rejection if new evidence arises. Theories aim to explain related phenomena and make testable predictions.
Original Description:
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
1-Science Demands Evidence
2-THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
3-SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING
The document discusses the nature of science. It outlines several key principles:
1. Science is a method of understanding the natural world through evidence-based inquiry. Theories and hypotheses are tested through experiments and observations.
2. The scientific method involves forming hypotheses to explain phenomena, making predictions, and testing predictions through experiments and additional data collection.
3. Scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to future revision or rejection if new evidence arises. Theories aim to explain related phenomena and make testable predictions.
The document discusses the nature of science. It outlines several key principles:
1. Science is a method of understanding the natural world through evidence-based inquiry. Theories and hypotheses are tested through experiments and observations.
2. The scientific method involves forming hypotheses to explain phenomena, making predictions, and testing predictions through experiments and additional data collection.
3. Scientific theories represent our best current explanations but are still subject to future revision or rejection if new evidence arises. Theories aim to explain related phenomena and make testable predictions.
at my website for you. Please use it for your exam reviews. THIS IS THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD VIEW 1. The Universe Is Understandable. 2. The Universe Is a Vast Single System In Which the Basic Rules Are Everywhere the Same. 3. Scientific Ideas Are Subject To Change. 4. Scientific Knowledge Is Durable. 5. Science Cannot Provide Complete Answers to All Questions. WHAT IS THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY? • Certain features of science make it distinctive as a means of understanding the world/universe
• Those features are especially
characteristic of the work of professional scientists, but anyone can use them to think scientifically about many aspects of everyday life Science Demands Evidence • The validity of scientific claims is settled by referring to observations of phenomena
• Therefore, scientists concentrate on
getting accurate data THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Observe and describe a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulate hypotheses to explain the phenomena; hypotheses often take the form of a proposed causal mechanism or mathematical relationship. 3. Use the hypotheses to predict the existence or actions of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations. 4. Perform additional data collection or repeat experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters using properly performed techniques or experiments. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • Observations/Data ➔ Hypotheses ➔ Hypothesis Testing ➔ Models ➔ Laws ➔ Theories
• At some point in time, each stage must be reported to
the larger scientific community by presentations or publications. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • The scientific method does not allow any hypothesis to be proven true • Hypotheses can be disproven, in which case those hypothesis are rejected as false • A hypothesis which withstands a test designed to falsify it establishes a level of probability that the hypothesis accurately explains data and can be used for further predictions, subject to further tests Hypothesis Testing SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES • A Scientific Theory is an explanation of a set or system of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of unbiased researchers
• (One scientist cannot create a theory; s/he can only
create hypotheses) SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES • As a result of our confidence in the Scientific method, both scientific laws and broader scientific theories are accepted to be “true” (accurate) by the scientific community as a whole
• A scientific law or a scientific theory is
used to make predictions of events or relationships among data sets SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES • The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic • A law governs a single action or situation, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena (Mendel’s Laws versus Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection) • [Note: Evolution is a Fact; Darwin’s Theory is the scientifically accepted explanation for the fact(s) of evolution.] SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES • Genuine scientific theories must be falsifiable by applying the scientific method (data collection and hypothesis testing)
• If one cannot imagine a specific investigation or
experiment, based on predictions from the theory, leading to results which can further verify or refute the predictions, then the theory, as an explanation, is not scientific SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES • When the scientific community accepts a Law or Theory, it represents the best understanding of the explanations for the properties of a given system at that point in time
• A Scientific Theory represents our best
understanding of the “truth” about some aspect of the universe, even though it is not proven as absolute and is still understood to be subject to future revision, or even to rejection THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD • The Experimental Method is usually considered the most scientific of all methods, the “method of choice”
• The main problem with all other non-
experimental methods is less control over the situation and its components
• The Experimental Method exerts the most
control on data collection and interpretation THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD • An experiment is a study of cause and effect
• It differs from non-experimental methods in that
it involves the deliberate manipulation of one variable, while trying to keep all other variables constant
• Experiments must be properly designed and
include controls HYPOTHESIS GENERATION • The use of logic and the close examination of evidence are necessary but not usually sufficient for the advancement of science • Scientific concepts do not emerge automatically from data or from any amount of analysis alone • Inventing hypotheses or theories to imagine how the world works and then figuring out how they can be put to the test of reality is a creative thought process SCIENCE EXPLAINS AND PREDICTS • Scientists try to make sense of observations by constructing explanations for observations that are consistent with currently accepted scientific principles • Such explanations—theories—may be either sweeping or restricted, but they must be logically sound and incorporate a significant body of scientifically valid observations • The credibility of scientific theories often comes from their ability to show relationships among phenomena that previously seemed unrelated SCIENCE EXPLAINS AND PREDICTS
• It is not enough for scientific theories
to explain the observations that are already known • Theories should also explain additional observations that were not used in formulating the theories in the first place; that is, theories should have predictive power SCIENTISTS TRY TO IDENTIFY AND TO AVOID BIAS • When faced with a claim that something is true, scientists respond by asking what evidence supports it • But scientific evidence can be biased in how the data are interpreted, recorded or reported, or even in the choice of what data are considered in the first place • A scientist’s nationality, culture, sex, ethnic origin, age, political convictions, etc., may incline him or her to look for or emphasize one kind of evidence or interpretation or another SCIENCE IS NOT AUTHORITARIAN • In science, it is appropriate to turn to knowledgeable sources of information and opinion, usually specialists in Aristotle relevant disciplines
• But respected authorities
have been wrong many times in the history of science SCIENCE IS SELF CORRECTING AND PROGRESSIVE
• In the short run, new ideas that do not agree
well with mainstream ideas may encounter vigorous criticism, and scientists investigating such ideas may have difficulty obtaining support for their research
• Challenges to new ideas are the legitimate
business of science in building valid knowledge SCIENCE IS SELF CORRECTING AND PROGRESSIVE • SF Author Sir Arthur C. Clarke’s First Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.” SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING 1. The Universe Is Understandable 2. The Universe Is a Vast Single System In Which the Basic Rules Are Everywhere the Same 3. Scientific Ideas Are Subject To Change 4. Scientific Knowledge Is Durable 5. Science Cannot Provide Complete Answers to All Questions
Scientific ideas are developed by particular ways of
observing, thinking, experimenting, and validating
Observations/Data ➔ Hypotheses ➔ Hypothesis
Testing ➔ Models ➔ Laws ➔ Theories Principles and Processes of Evolution
• For the rest of the semester, we will
examine the fact(s) of Evolution and the evidence that supports Darwin’s/Biology’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection WHAT IS THE NATURE OF SCIENCE?
Section 1: The Bible
We believe the Bible, comprised of the Old and New Testaments, to be the inspired, infallible, and authoritative Word of God (Matthew 5:18;2 Timothy 3:16-17). In faith we hold the Bible to be inerrant in the original writings, God-breathed, and the complete and final authority for faith and practice (2 Timothy 3:16-17). While still using the individual writing styles of the human authors, the Holy Spirit perfectly guided them to ensure they wrote precisely what He wanted written, without error or omission (2 Peter 1:21).
Section 1: The Bible
We believe the Bible, comprised of the Old and New Testaments, to be the inspired, infallible, and authoritative Word of God (Matthew 5:18;2 Timothy 3:16-17). In faith we hold the Bible to be inerrant in the original writings, God-breathed, and the complete and final authority for faith and practice (2 Timothy 3:16-17). While still using the individual writing styles of the human authors, the Holy Spirit perfectly guided them to ensure they wrote precisely what He wanted written, without error or omission (2 Peter 1:21).
Section 1: The Bible
We believe the Bible, comprised of the Old and New Testaments, to be the inspired, infallible, and authoritative Word of God (Matthew 5:18;2 Timothy 3:16-17). In faith we hold the Bible to be inerrant in the original writings, God-breathed, and the complete and final authority for faith and practice (2 Timothy 3:16-17). While still using the individual writing styles of the human authors, the Holy Spirit perfectly guided them to ensure they wrote precisely what He wanted written, without error or omission (2 Peter 1:21).
Spaces For Children - The Built Environment and Child Development-Thomas G. David, Carol Simon Weinstein (Auth.), Carol Simon Weinstein, Thomas G. David (Eds.) - Springer US (1987)