Power System Automation

• Data Acquisition :Data is collected in the form of measured analog

current or voltage values or the open or closed status of contact
points
• Power System Supervision :supervise, or monitor, the conditions
and status of the power system using this acquired data
• Power System Control: Control refers to sending command
messages to a device to operate the I&C and power system
devices
• I&C System IEDs :
OVERVIEW • Instrument Transformers
• Transducer
• Remote Terminal Unit, RTU
• Meter
• Digital Fault Recorder
• Load Tap Changer (LTC)
• Time Synchronization Source
 Functional
structure of
power system
automation
 Important functions
• ◦ Selecting, opening and closing circuit breakers and disconnectors. ◦ Blocking and unblocking control commands. ◦
Control: Giving release information to circuit breakers and disconnectors for securing the opening and closing actions.

• ◦ Showing substation configuration with position indication (open or closed) of circuit breakers and disconnectors
based on signals coming from their own position contacts. ◦ Acquiring and process data coming from power
• Monitoring: transformers and other primary equipment related to condition operation. ◦ Displaying substation events including
information regarding switchgear opening and closing actions due to any external cause, such as the
activation/operation of a protective relay.

• ◦ Announcing to a substation operator all adverse conditions that may represent a risk to substation integrity. ◦
• Alarming: Preventing trouble with Automation operation.

• ◦ Acquiring and showing current values of electrical or other relevant parameters. ◦ Giving indications of energy flows
• Measurement: through substation primary equipment and transmission lines.

• Setting and monitoring of
protective relays:
• Control and monitoring of the
auxiliary power system:
• ◦ Allowing changes on operating parameters of protective relays. ◦ Giving alarm signals when any undesirable condition
may affect the right relay performance.
• ◦ Displaying screens/drawings showing the configuration of the auxiliary power system. ◦ Allowing selection and
execution of control commands. ◦ Driving automatic transfer switches. ◦ Managing interlocking logics. ◦ Supervising
AC/DC power source conditions. ◦ Giving alarm signals from abnormal conditions.

• ◦ Monitoring actual voltage value on the power system. ◦ Changing the position of the tap‐changer of power
• Voltage regulation: transformers. ◦ Giving alarms and signals.
 Operator Display and
Engineering Workstation for
executing the programs

contains the protection and

ARCHITECTURE control equipment.
FOR POWER Protective relays, RTUS and
SYSTEM IEDs constitute this layer
AUTOMATION

Contains the field equipment

and Switch gear, CTs, PTS,
etc. Monitoring and
measurement of system
parameters are carried out at
this layer
 Direct copper - A copper communication cable
dedicated to power system communications between
two devices.

Land line telephone - Conventional dial-up or leased

lines dedicated to power system communications.

Communications
Media Power line carrier (PLC) - A method of passing data on
the power line conductor at high frequency.

Fiber - Fiber applications communicate data in the form

of light conducted over a single direct connection or
multiple direct connections bundled together.
 a) Substation Automation

b) Distribution Automation

• The goals of Distribution Automation are:

• Reduced costs
• Improve service reliability
Classification • Better consumer service
• Enhance government relations
of Power • Distribution Automation system postulates are:
• Deferred capital expenditures

system • Reduced operations and maintenance expenses

• Improved outage response and restoration
• Enhanced system efficiencies
Automation • Enhanced consumer satisfaction
• Improved data information
• Positive public image
• Distribution Automation system postulates are:
• Prevent outages
• Alleviate the need for a sound maintenance program
• Replace good operation practices
• Eliminate the need for appropriate planning
 System Single-Line – Manual Isolation Switches

Distribution
Automation
System
Example System Single-Line – Automatic Isolation Switches
 Synchrophasor-
Introduction

Power System Operational Paradigm

• Sense
• Communicate
• Compute
• Visualize
• Control
• Situational Awareness and
Decision Support
IMPORTANCE
OF PHASE
ANGLE
Phasor Measurement Unit - Connections
 Phasor Measurement Unit -
Measurements
PMUs measure
(synchronously):
Positive sequence voltages
Phasor Data and currents
Concentrator Phase voltages and currents
-PDC Local frequency
Local rate of change of
frequency
Circuit breaker and switch
status
 RTDMS is a Synchrophasor software application for providing
real time, wide area situational awareness to Operators,
Reliability Coordinators, Planners and Operating Engineers, as
well as the capability to monitor and analyze the dynamics of
the power system.
Real Time
Dynamics
Monitoring
System(RTDMS)

RTDMS provides critical metrics of grid dynamics, like

Small Signal
Phase Angle Generation- Power-
Stability Frequency Power-Angle
Differences Load Voltage
(Oscillations Instability Sensitivity
(Grid Stress) Imbalance Sensitivity
& Damping) ´
 EXAMPLE
(data from IIT, Bombay ,Wide Area Frequency Measurement system)
PMU EXAMPLE

Multiple element tripping at 400/220kV Muzaffarnagar(UP)

DAQ
Sampling Rate
BEHAVES AS A 60HZ FUNDAMENTAL SIGNAL
BEHAVES AS “”60Hz”” FUNDAMENTAL SIGNAL
Using Instantaneous V,I
and DFT
Phasor Estimation

t= KTs =K/Fs
Example
 Phasor
estimation –
cont.. N=20
Phasor estimation –cont..
Phasor estimation –cont..
Least Square Error Phasor Estimation
Least Square Error Phasor Estimation-cont…
Least Square Error Phasor Estimation-cont…

00
00000
Least Square Error Phasor Estimation-cont…
Fs=1KHz
N=20 samples/cycle KTS
Ts=1ms

K=0 k=1 k=2

 Least Square Error Phasor
Estimation-cont…
• For N=20 samples/cycle
• A size [20x6]
• B ”All the samples collected wrt time ”
• B[20X1]
 Frequency Measurement cont…

The diff =20msec

M=1 M=2 M=3

 Frequency Measurement cont…

K=0 k=1 k=2

K=0 k=1 k=2 ------------- K=20

T=1ms T=2ms T=3ms ------ t=20ms
Ø1=0 Ø2=18 Ø3=36 --------- Ø20=360

Ø2- Ø1= 180 (2pi.f K2 Ts) - (2pi.f K1 Ts) = 180

FIND “’’f”” FROM THE ABOVE EQ
Power System Protection
Infrastructure
CT
 Effect of
sampling
process on
digital relay
protection
What if the sampling freq is of
1KHz tx

Or
2KHz ????????

ty
Sampling Rate
BEHAVES AS “”60Hz”” FUNDAMENTAL SIGNAL
G1 DR1 DR2 DR3 G2
G1 DR1 DR2 DR3 G2
Islanding Event And Different Types Of
Islanding Detection Schemes
MAIN GRID
Relays, Fuses etc..,

Feed back from PCC

 During the
Protection the
system need to
know ??
It’s an Normal
Grid operation
or
Islanding Mode
for
Status of the S3 CB need to
be sent to the Controller
Power
Mismatch ???
 Power Non Detection Zone-- NDZ
Mismatch ???
0%
+10%
-10% +

ΔP is Positive or Negative or zero Means

what????????????

• UVR –Under Voltage Relay

• UFR --- Unver Freq Relay
 Passive Islanding Detection Technique Cont…

How to Find the value of

K ?????
 Islanding Mode

Main Grid
 𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑡
Rate of change of Freq

• Limitation ???
• Zero Power Mismatch
Condition PL=PDG
Islanding Detection Technique Cont…
H=Inertia Constant
L= Length Of the Feeder

X/R ratio of the Line

 Island

G1 DR1 DR2 DR3 RELAY DER

Voltage and Current values

measured

• Measure the signals using

Least Square Error Phasor
Estimation
Calculate -Rate of change of Δ Z2
NON ISLANDING EVENT
A • Phase A is Disconnected
B • Unbalance in the other Phases
C
• Generate Negative Seq Components
Sampling Frequency will decide Threshold value
 Active
Islanding
Technique
 Measure Harmonic
voltage at PCC

Solar or
Wind
Power
Inverter Controller
Phase A
voltage at PCC
Oscillates at a
freq of the
Injected signal

Oscillates at a
freq of the
Injected signal
Absolute D-Axis Variation (ADVV)
Passive Islanding Technique
 Passive
PassivePart
Part

Hybrid Technique

Active Part
Opens
ACTIVE

HYBRID
SMART GRID
PROTECTION
Central Controller
 R1 & R2 are the Non
Directional over
current relays

As the fault current from G1 will increases

 The Relay settings are
based on the Shown
Line

• Fault Current is Constant

• Relay will not trip for the

If we fault As the relay settings
Add a are not changed
DG for
the Line
All the relays are Non Directional Over current

The relay settings should be modified time to

time ie., Adaptive settings