INTRODUCTION

ENGINEERING MATERIAL
(MATERIAL TEKNIK)

Dr. Ir. Mujiyono, S.T., M.T., W.Eng, IPM

Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin FT UNY
 KLASIFIKASI material untuk keperluan teknik
LOGAM Besi (Fe) Baja tahan karat
LOGAM FERRO Baja karbon Baja perkakas
Besi cor Baja Mangan
Baja paduan Baja Nickel
Baja Si
Baja Chrom
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Aluminium (Al)
Tembaga (Cu)
KLASIFIKASI MATERIAL Nickel (Ni)
ENGINEERING MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION) Magnesium (Mg)
LOGAM Titanium (Ti)
NON FERRO Cobalt (Co)
Seng (Zn)
Cadmium (Cd)
Timbal (Pb)
Zirkonium (Zr)
dll
Polimer – Termoplastik
– Termoset
NON Keramik ( high Temperature Material)
LOGAM
Komposit - MMC (Metal Matrix Composite)
- PMC (Polymer Matrix composite)
- CMC (Ceramic Matrix Composite)
 Metals

Ferrous Non-ferrous metals

metals

Steels Cast Irons

Grey Iron
Plain carbon steels

White Iron
Low carbon steels

Malleable & Ductile Irons

Medium carbon steels

High carbon steels

Low alloy steels

High alloy steels

Stainless & Tool steels
Sifat logam:
Logam (Metal)
 Daya hantar listrik dan panas baik

 Kekuatan relatif tinggi

 Kekakuan (stiffness) yang tinggi

 Ulet

 Mampu bentuk yang baik

 Tahan terhadap impak

 MENGKILAP BILA DI GOSOK

Metalic bonding
 Polimer
Sifat polimer:
 Daya hantar listrik dan panas rendah

 Kekuatan relatif rendah

 Elastisitas tinggi

 Ulet

 Mampu bentuk yang baik

Ionic bond

Covalent bond
 Keramik
• Sifat:
– Kuat
– Keras
– Sangat getas
– Sifat hantar listrik & panas rendah
 Komposit
Material yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih material menjadi satu tetapi sifat
material penyusun tidak berubah.
Komponen:
 Matriks : material induk
 Reinforcing agent: material penguat
Sifat: Ringan, Kuat, Ulet dan Kekuatannya lebih tinggi dari material matriksnya

Jenis Komposit
• Komposit matrik logam (MMC):
digunakan untuk komponen tertentu yang sifat mekaniknya rendah.
• Komposit matrik polimer (PMC) :
kekerasan dan kekuatan rendah tetapi keuletannya tingi sehingga dengan
penguat logam kekuatan dan kekerasannya meningkat
• Komposit matrik keramik (CMC):
kekerasan dan kegetasannya tinggi sehingga dengan penguat logam tingkat
keuletannya meningkat.
Contoh komposit
semikonduktor
• Banyak digunakan dibidang elektronika
• Sifat:
– Sangat getas
– Daya hantar listriknya dapat di kontrol
– Mengubah sinar listrik ke cahaya dan sebaliknya

• Aplikasi dalam bidang elektronika

– Transistor
– Dioda
– Intergrated Circuit (IC)
BESI DAN BAJA (STEEL)
 Konsep Fasa dan Solubility

Illustration of phases and

solubility:
(a) The three forms of
water – gas, liquid,
and solid – are each
a phase.
(b) Water and alcohol
have unlimited
solubility.
(c) Salt and water have
limited solubility.
(d) Oil and water have
virtually no solubility.
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein
under license.
 Air dalam wujud gas

Air dalam wujud cair

Air dalam wujud padat
 Metal Structure (Struktur Logam)

Metalic bonding
Principal Metallic Crystal
Structure of Metallic:
BCC (Body Centrered Cubic)
FCC (Face Centrered Cubic)
HCP (Hexagonal Close Packed)

HCP
BCC Atomic Packing Factor (APF) = is the fraction of
solid sphere volume in a unit cell

APF for BCC is 68% of the volume of the BCC

unit cell is occupied by atoms and remaining
32 % is empty space
 FCC

APF for FCC is 74% of the volume of the FCC

unit cell is occupied by atoms and remaining
26 % is empty space.
struktur mikro
Crystal Structures of iron
Fe - Fe3C
Phase
Diagram
 Plain carbon steel dan alloy steel

(AISI)
Secara teoritis
Region:
Pure Iron < 0.008% wt C
Steel 0.008 < % wt C < 2.14
Cast Iron 2.14 < %wt C < 6.70

> 10%
• Phases:
– α-Ferrite (α)
– Austenite ()
– δ-Ferrite (δ)
– Cementite (Fe3C)

Critical temperature:
Phases:
– α-Ferrite (α)
– Austenite ()
– δ-Ferrite (δ)
– Cemenite (Fe3C)
α-Ferrite (α)
– Solid solution of a carbon in α-Iron Cementite (Fe3C)
– BCC structure – Intermetallic Fe-C compound
– Carbon only slightly soluble in matrix – Fe3C : 6.7 wt% C + 93.3 wt% Fe
Maximum solubility of 0.022 % wt C at 727oC to – Forms when solubility limit of carbon in
about 0.008 wt% C in room temperature α-ferrite is exceeded below 727oC
– Orthorombic crystal structure : very hard
Austenite () and brittle.
– Solid solution of a carbon in δ-Iron
– FCC structure  can accomodate more carbon
than ferrite
• Maximum solubility of 2.14 % wt C at 1147oC,
then decreased to 0.8 wt% C at 727oC.
• The difference in C solid solubility between  and
α is the basis of hardening in many steel.
• δ-Ferrite (δ)
– Solid solution of a carbon in δ-Iron
– BCC structure
– NO technological importance cause only stable at high temperature.
• Maximum solubility of ferrite being 0.09 % wt C at 1493oC
Example: Calculating composition of steel with 0.38 wt%C
T3a = 730oC T 3b =725oC
Fe - Fe3C
Phase
Diagram
 Example: Calculating composition of steel with 0.38 wt%C
ttk (e) pada T = 730oC Titik (f) pd T=725oC

0.76  0.38 6.70  0.38

W (proeutectoid ferrite)  x100% Wαt(total ferrite)  x100%
(0.76  0.022) 6.70  0.022
 52% = 95%
Wγ(that will form pearlite)  1  52%  48%
WFe C (Cementite)  1  95%  5%
3

The fraction of eutectoid ferrite thus are:

Wαe  Wαt  Wα
 95%  52%
 43%
Hypoeutectoid steel composition (0.38 wt% C)
• Microstructure: pearlite
- Lamellar eutectoid product
alternates plates of α + Fe3C
- Two phases grow simultaneously

• Lever rule
 Note the small amount of
pearlite in the structure in
0.1% Carbon Steel

A typical application of low carbon steel in a car body.

 Metals

Ferrous Non-ferrous metals

metals

Steels Cast Irons

Grey Iron
Plain carbon steels

White Iron
Low carbon steels

Malleable & Ductile Irons

Medium carbon steels

High carbon steels

Low alloy steels

High alloy steels

Stainless & Tool steels
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
Steel | Chemical Composition

Wrought Iron Steel Cast Iron

< 0.2 % Carbon 0.2 - 2 % Carbon < 3 - 4 % Carbon
Soft & Malleable + Hard & Brittle
Controlled amounts of:
Manganese, Phosphorous
Silicon, Sulfur, Oxygen
Mild Steel
0.2 - 0.25 % Carbon
Combinations of:
Medium Steel
0.25 - 0.45 % Carbon
Carbon Steel + Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,
Molybdenum, Nickel,
S T E E L

Hard Steel Tungsten, Vanadium

0.45 - 0.85 % Carbon
Alloy Steel
Spring Steel Stainless Steel
0.85 - 1.85 % Carbon Weathering Steel

The Material Steel | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

 Plain carbon steel dan alloy steel

(AISI)
Secara teoritis
Region:
Pure Iron < 0.008% wt C
Steel 0.008 < % wt C < 2.14
Cast Iron 2.14 < %wt C < 6.70
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | Chemical Composition
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
 Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and Manganese (<1%).
It also contains small amounts of Phosphorous, Silicon,
Sulfur and Oxygen

 Carbon Steel these chemical elements are controlled

to provide consistent quality and grade of steel
Carbon content greatly affects the properties of steel
More Carbon increases : strength, hardness, corrosion-resistance
More Carbon decreases : malleability, ductility, and weldability
The amount of Carbon does NOT affect the Modulus of Elasticity (E)
of the Steel


Alloy Steel is Carbon Steel to which one or more chemical
elements have been added to achieve certain physical or chemical
S T E E L

properties
Stainless Steel
Adding 15-18% Chromium and 7-8% Nickel produces
Cor-Ten Steel Sculpture corrosion-resistant steel
By Richard Serra
Museum of Modern Art Weathering Steel (Cor-Ten Steel)
Fort Worth, TX Adding Copper and Phosphorous creates a steel that forms an oxide coating,
rust, that adheres to the base metal and prevents further corrosion

Module 1 | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | Production
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
 Iron ore constitutes 5% of earth’s crust, 70% of earth’s core is iron.
 U.S. has roughly 25% of world coal supply.

 Steel is heated to molten state to remove oxides

 Three Types of Production Furnaces:
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF)
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF)
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

 Whether BOF or EAF all steel is recycled back into steel, so although
BOF has a lower % of recycled steel, it is still as environmentally friendly.

 Refining is the addition of alloys to obtain certain characteristics

in the steel:
Molybdenum- strength.
S T E E L

Manganese- resistance to abrasion and impact.

Vanadium- strength and toughness.
Nickel and chromium- toughness, stiffness and corrosion resistance.

 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.

 Casting: Liquid steel is cast into semi-finished products; billet, blooms

 By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills.

The Material Steel | PRODUCTION

Klasifikasi baja menurut standar AISI-SAE
Tool steel menurut penggunaannya
Klasifikasi besi
 Pembebanan pada struktur atom
JIKA BEBAN RELATIF RENDAH:
kristal sedikit meregang atau mengurangi jarak
antar atom
satuan kisi tidak berubah
posisi atom tetap berada pada posisi dasarnya
hanya sedikit mengganggu keseimbangan gaya
ikatan atom
menyalurkan beban tersebut diantara atom atom
=F/A
KITIKA BEBAN DILEPAS : keseimbangan gaya kembali seperti
semula dan kisi kisi kristal kembali ke ukuran dan bentuk semula.
Reaksi terhadap beban seperti ini disebut deformasi ELASTIS

Besarnya regangan proporsional dengan beban /tegangan

Perpanjangan / perpendekan akibat respon terhadap beban menghasilkan perubahan
dimensi tgk lurus gaya
Perbandingan antara penyusutan lateral dengan sumbu aksial regangan pada beban tarik
satu sumbu disebut Poisson's ratio (u). Perbandingan ini kurang dari 0,5 dan biasanya
sekitar 0,3.
(a) EDGE DISLOCATION , DENGAN TEGANGAN GESER RENDAH SATU ATOM BERGESER KE
SEBELAHNYA (b) MENGHASILKAN EFORMASI (c)
Manufacturing cost
Klasifikasi baja : pertmakali dibuat oleh SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) pd
awal 1911. tujuan: untuk membedakan baja karbon dan baja paduan.
Kmd diikuti oleh AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) bekerjasama dg SAE
menetapkan komposisi kimia dari klasifikasi baja dengan sistem penomoron UNS
(Unified Numbering System) yang selanjutnya dikenal SAE/AISI number
Salah satu sifat material yang dicari
SETIAP PARTS/COMPONENTS MEMPUNYAI FUNGSI YANG BERBEDA SEHINGGA
BEBAN YANG DIALAMI JUGA BERBEDA
KARENA ITU PEMILIHAN MATERIAL DAN PROSESNYA HARUS TEPAT