ILMU LINGKUNGAN

 Ecology : the study of interrelationship

among living things and their environment

 Ecologists : who studies individual

organisms, population of species,
community of species, and entire
ecosystems, seeking to understand diversity,
relationships, and intercations in nature
 Environmental science : builds upon ecology and
strives to comperhend the nature and extent of
human influences on natural systems

 Environmental scientist identify problems that

may affect living systems, including fish, wildlife,
and human, and try to solve those problems by
applying knowledge from many diciplines.
 Multidisciplinary vs Interdisciplinary
 Multidisciplinary approach draws upon various
disciplines for information, analytical skills and
insight, but does not seek an integrated
understanding.

 Interdisciplinary approach draws upon common

themes and goes beyond close colaboration
between different specialists to attempt
integration. And is very difficult because it
involves blending differently derived concept
 Disciplinary: Epistemologies, assumptions,
knowledge, skills, methods within the
boundary of a discipline.
eg. Physics; History; Psychology

 Multidisciplinary: Using the

knowledge/understanding of more than one
discipline.
eg Physics and History;
Biology and Architecture

 Interdisciplinary: Using the
epistemologies/methods of one discipline
within another.
eg. Biochemistry; Ecophilosophy;
Astrophysics

 Transdisciplinary: Focus on an issue such

as pollution or hunger both within and
beyond discipline boundaries with the
possibility of new perspectives.
 Transdisciplinarity
complements disciplinary
approaches.


 The transdisciplinary vision goes beyond

the exact sciences and demands dialogue
with the humanities and the social sciences,
as well as with art, literature, poetry and
spiritual experience.
 The recognition of the existence of different
levels of reality governed by different types
of logic is inherent in the transdisciplinary
attitude.
 The transdisciplinary attitude involves an
acceptance of the unknown, the unexpected
and the unforeseeable.

 ECOLOGY
Multidisciplines

Earth Sci Life Sci

Social Sci
 ECOLOGY
 Interdisciplinary
Earth Science

Ecological Resource
Science Management

Social Science
 ECOLOGY
 Environmental Management
An approah which goes beyond natural
resources management to encompass the
political and social as well as the natural
environment… it is concernd with questions
of value and distributions, with the nature of
regulatory mechanisms and interpersonal,
geographic and intergenerational equity
 Environmental System

By Function
1. Isolated system : boundaries are closed to
import and export of material and energy
2. Closed system : boundaries prevent import
and export of material, but not energy
3. Open system : boundaries allow free
exchange of material and energy.
 ECOSYSTEM
 A basic functional unit of ecology (Golley, 1991)
 An energy driven complex of a community of
organisms and its controlling environment
(Billing, 1978)
 A community of organisms and their physical
environment interacting as an ecological unit
(Dickinson and Murphy, 1998)
 An integration of all the living and non living
factors of an environment for a defines segment of
space and time (Golley, 1993)
 Environmental System

By Degree of Human Disturbance

1. Natural System : unaffected by human
interference
2. Modified system : affected to some extent
by human interference
3. Control system : Human interference, by
accident or design, playus a major role in
function (incl. most agric. System)
 Interaction between
ecosystem components
 Ecosystem Management
Ecosystem may be recognized across a great range
of spatial scale : < 1 km2 - > 10.000 km2 – niche

Ecosystem can be subdivided according to local

physical condition - habitat

Ecosystem are commonly investigate by system

analysis – model : ecosystem approach
 How stable are ecosystem
Ecosystem are subject to natural and antrophogenic
changes
Ecologists, botanists and geomorphologists have
argue that ecosystem tend towards a steady state
achieved through adaptation to changes
Economists and political studies specialists have
suggested economics, politics and social
development follow a predictable evolutionary
path to the steady-state
 How stable are ecosystem

Stability can have a number of meaning,

including:
 lack of change in structure of an ecosystem
 resistance to perturbation
 speedy return to steady-state after
disturbance
 STABILITAS
- RESILIENSI (RESILIENCE): KECEPATAN SUATU EKOSISTEM KEMBALI KE
KEADAAN SEMULA SETELAH MENGALAMI SUATU GANGGUAN.
- RESISTENSI (RESISTANCE): KEMAMPUAN SUATU EKOSISTEM UNTUK
MEMPERTAHANKAN KONDISINYA TERHADAP GANGGUAN.
- STABILITAS LOKAL: KECENDERUNGAN SUATU EKOSISTEM UNTUK
KEMBALI KE KONDISI SEMULA SETELAH MENGALAMI
GANGGUAN KECIL.
- STABILITAS GLOBAL: KECENDERUNGAN SUATU EKOSISTEM UNTUK
KEMBALI KE KONDISI SEMULA SETELAH MENGALAMI
GANGGUAN HEBAT
- STABILITAS BERDASARKAN LINGKUNGAN DIMANA SUATU EKOSISTEM
BERBEDA:  EKOSISTEM YANG STABIL PADA SUATU RENTANG
KONDISI LINGKUNGAN YANG SEMPIT: “DYNAMICALLY FRAGILE”.
 EKOSISTEM YANG STABIL PADA SUATU RENTANG KONDISI
LINGKUNGAN YANG LUAS: “DYNAMICALLY ROBUST”.
ECOSYSTEM CLASSIFICATION
1. Ecosystem of low sensitivity and high resilience : Only suffer degradation
under condition of poor management or natural catastrophe

2. Ecosystem of high sensitivity and high resilience : suffer degradation easily

but respond well to management and rehabilitation efforts

3. Ecosystem of low sensitivity and low resilience : initially resist degradation

but once threshold is passed it is difficult for any management and
restoration efforts to save things

4. Ecosystem of high sensitivity and low resilience : degrade easily and do not
readily respond to management and rehabilitation efforts. It is best either
to leave such ecosystem alone or to alter it gradually.
 Ecosystem concept and management
Ecosystem concept become a widely used
conceptual tool for research
The approach focuses on energy
flows or nutrient transformation: biotic
and non-biotic activities
The ecosystem approach means different things to
various disciplines, although widely agreed that
the approach demands a holistic perspective, that
can be interpreted in either a holistic perspective,
that can be interpreted either a comprehensive or
an integrated manner
 Ecosystem concept and management
Comprehensive : seek to research in much
greater depth with wider focus, taking time
and costing more, so it may less practical
for planning and management
Integrated : does not try to research all
ecosystem components, only those deemed
by planner
The adoption of ecosystem approach usually
based on assessment of whether its
advantages outweigh its disadvantages
 Advantage and disadvantage of
ecosystem approach
Advantage
 Comprehensive, holistic
approach for
understanding whole
system
 Different view of science
that recognizes diversity
of causes and effect,
uncertainty, and
probabilistic nature of
ecosystem
Disadvantage
 May neglect socio-
cultural issues such as
politics, power and
equity
 Ecological
determinism: danger
of generalizing from
biophysical to socio-
economics systems
 Advantage and disadvantage of
ecosystem approach
 Draws on theory and  Nebulous: a vague,
methods from superorganismic
different fields to theory of poor
generate models and empirical foundation
hypotheses that relies on analogy
and comparison
 Contributes to  Non-standard
understanding limits, definition of
complexity, stresses, ecosystem
and dynamics
 Advantage and disadvantage of
ecosystem approach
 Encourage preventive  Reification of
thinking by placing analytical system; in
people within nature some approach linked
to reductionist and
equilibrium views
 Narrow spatial focus
 Facilitate locally
appropriate, self- on local ecosystem
reliant, sustainable structures and
action processes
 Advantage and disadvantage of
ecosystem approach
 Facilitate cooperation  Functionalist and/or
conflict, reduction, energy analysis are
institutional integrat-ion overemphasized
 Requires recognition of
 Duplicates and/or overlaps
mutual dependence on all
other disciplines without a
parts of a system: natural/
cultural special contribution of its
 Result in crieria for
own
management actions  If ecosystem approach can
 Facilitates studies that apply to everything they
integrate a range of may be meaningless
discipline (Holistic)