Atom and Molecules

CHM138/FSG-K/UiTMPG
1 SYLLABUS CHM 141
Syllabus Contents:
 1.0 Atoms and Molecules
 2.0 Structure of Atoms and Periodic Table
 3.0 Chemical Bonding
 4.0 Thermochemistry
 5.0 Electrochemistry
 6.0 Crystal
 7.0 Acids and Bases
 8.0 Transition Elements
CHM138/FSG-K/UiTMPG
2 ASSESSMENT
 Tests (2) 25%

 Quizzes/ Assignments 10%
 Laboratory Practices 25%
 Final Exam 40%
Recommended Text
Marina et. al., 2009 Basic Chemistry for Engineering
Students, UiTM Press
Chapter 1: Atoms and Molecules CHM138/FSG-K/UiTMPG
COURSE CODE:CHM 141
CHAPTER 1
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Prepared by:
DR. NUR ATHIRAH HASHIM
Lesson Framework
 Symbos of element, Atomic Mass, Molecule Mass

 Mols and Avogadro’s Number
 Chemical Formula’s
 Empirical Formula
 Molecular Formula
 Mols for Solutions (Concentration)
 Chemical Equations, Limiting Reagents and
Calculations
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Chemistry is the study of matter and
the changes it undergoes
1. Matter is anything that occupies

space and has mass.
2. A substance is a form of matter
that has a definite composition
and distinct properties.
water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen

A mixture is a combination of two or more

substances in which the substances retain their
distinct identities.
1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
soft drink, milk, solder
2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not

uniform throughout.
cement,
iron filings in sand
Physical means can be used to

separate a mixture into its pure
components.
magnet
distillation
An element is a substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
• 115 elements have been identified
• 83 elements occur naturally on Earth
• gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
• 32 elements have been created by scientists:
• technetium, americium, seaborgium
1.4
A compound is a substance composed of

atoms of two or more elements chemically
united in fixed proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their

pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)
Ammonia (NH3)
1.4
2
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
2.1
SYMBOL OF ELEMENT, ATOMIC

MASS, MOLECULAR MASS and
PERCENT COMPOSITIONS
SYMBOL OF ELEMENT
 Chemical Elements
 All forms of matter are composed of chemical elements which
are substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by
ordinary chemical means.
 Elements are given letter abbreviations called chemical symbols.
 Trace elements are present in tiny amounts
 Units of matter of all chemical elements are called atoms. An
element is a quantity of matter composed of atoms of the
same type.
 Atoms contain:
 Nucleus: protons (p+) & neutrons (neutral charge)
 Electrons (e-) surround the nucleus as a cloud (electron shells are
designated regions of the cloud)
15 Symbol of Element and
Atomic Number
The atomic number
• is specific for each element
• is the same for all atoms of an element
• is equal to the number of protons in an atom
• appears above the symbol of an element
Atomic Number 11
Symbol Na
16 Atomic Numbers and
Protons
Examples:
• Hydrogen has atomic number 1, every H
atom has one proton.
• Carbon has atomic number 6, every C
atom has six protons.
• Copper has atomic number 29, every Cu
atom has 29 protons.
• Gold has atomic number 79, every Au
atom has 79 protons.
17 Atomic Models
ATOMIC MASS
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
3.1
ATOMIC MASS
19
The mass number

• represents the number of particles in the nucleus
• is equal to the
Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Natural lithium is:

7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100
3.1
Average atomic mass (6.941)

Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element

x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
3.5
MOLES
AND
AVOGADRO NUMBER
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro

(9 August 1776 – 9 July 1856), was an Italian scientist,
most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now
known as Avogadro's law,
6.022140857(74)×1023, is known as the Avogadro

constant, one of the seven SI base units and
represented by NA.
THE MOLE CONCEPT
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA)

Atomic Substances Molecules

• 1 mole of 12C contains 6.02 x 1023 1 mole of chlorine molecules
carbon atoms contains 6.02 x 1023 chlorine
• 1 mole of sodium contains 6.02 x molecules (Cl2) or
1023 sodium atoms (Na) 2 x 6.02 x 1023 chlorine atomes
Number of Particles
Ions Electrons
1 mole of calcium bromide (CaBr2) 1 mole of electrons
contains 6.02 x 1023 calcium ions (Ca2+) contain 6.02 x 1023
and 2 x 6.02 x 1023 bromide ions (Br-) electrons
MOLAR MASS
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
Do you understand MOLE and

MOLAR MASS CONCEPT?
MOLES CALCULATIONS
1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu
M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
Do You Understand the correlation of

Molar Mass and NA?
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

Hint! 1 mol K = 39.10 g K
When the
Q asking
“how many 1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
atom” used
NA!
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K

3.2
MOLECULAR MASS
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
Do You Understand Molecular Mass?
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
Hint! 1 mol C3H8O =

When the
Q asking RMM =(3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
“how
many 1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
atom”
used NA!
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms
5.82 x 1024 atoms H

3.3
Calculate the percent composition by mass of each of the
elements in sulfuric acid.
GOOD LUCK!!
CHEMICAL’S
FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA & MOLECULAR FORMULA
MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA

A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2 2.6
Calculationg Empirical
Formula from Mass
When 2.67 g of copper reacts with excess of sulphur, the mass of the
compound obtained is 4.01 g. what is the EF of the compound?
RAM: Cu, 63.5; S, 32
Solutions:
Number of moles of copper = 2.67 = 0.042 mol
63.5
Mass of sulphur in the compound = 4.01 – 2.67 = 1.34 g
Number of moles of sulphur = 1.34 = 0.042 mol

32
Mole ratio of Cu: S = 0.042: 0.042 = 1:1
The empirical formula of the copper compound is CuS
Calculating an Empirical Formula

from Percentage Composition
A compound contains the element potassium, chromium and
oxygen. The composition by mass of the compound is 40.2%
potassium, 32.9% oxygen and 26.9% chromium. Find the EF of the
compound.
RAM: O, 16; K, 39; Cr, 52
Element Potassium,K Oxygen, O Chromium, Cr
Percentage by mass 40.2 32.9 26.9
Relative atomic mass 39 16 52
Number of moles 40.2 = 1.03 32.9 = 2.06 26.9 = 0.52
39 16 52
Atomic ratio 1.03 = 2 2.06 = 4 0.52 = 1
0.52 0.52 0.52
Therefore, the empirical formula is K2CrO4

Problems encounter for EF

from Percentage Composition
 It is possible for different compounds to have the same empirical
formula. For example, ethyne (C2H2) and benzene (C6H6) are two
different compounds with the same empirical formula, CH
 To find the molecular formula of a substance, we need to know
two thing
 Its empirical formula
 Its relative molecular mass
 Empirical and molecular formula are related as follows:
n = Relative molecular mass (g/mol)

Mass of empirical formula (g/ mol)
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula
(where n= 1, 2, 3….)
Calculating an Empirical Formula from

Percentage Composition with RMM
Compound X contains the following composition by mass:
40% carbon, 6.6 % hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen
Its relative molecular mass is 180. what is the molecular formula of X?
RAM: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16
STEP 1
Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Oxygen, O
Number of moles 40.0 = 3.33 6.6 = 6.66 53.3 = 3.33
12 1 16
Atomic ratio 3.33 = 1 6.66 = 2 3.33 = 1
3.33 3.33 3.33
Therefore, the empirical formula is CH2O

Hint ! n = Relative molecular mass (g/mol)
Mass of empirical formula (g/ mol)
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula
STEP 2 (where n= 1, 2, 3….)
FIND THE MOLECULAR FORMULA OF X
By using the above formula, CH2O

Mass of Empirical formula = 12 + (2 x 1) + 16
= 30
The RMM is 180
180 = n = 6
30
Thus, the molecular formula of X = 6 x Empirical formula
= 6 x CH2O
= C6H12O6
Calculating Molecular Formula

from Combustion Data
Organic compounds are flammable. The empirical and molecular
formula of organic compounds can be obtained from combustion data
EXAMPLE!
0.50 g of an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen gives 0.6875 g of carbon dioxide and 0.5625 g of water on
combustion. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
STEP 1 Find the mass of carbon and hydrogen in 0.50 g of the

organic compound from the combustion data
1 mole (44 g) of carbon dioxide contains 1 mole (12 g ) of carbon.
Mass of carbon in 0.6875 g of CO2 = 0.6875 x 12
44
= 0.1875 g
1 mole (18 g) of H2O contains 2 g of hydrogen atoms

Mass of hydrogen (H) in 0.5625 g of H2O = 0.5625 x 2
44
= 0.0625 g
STEP 2 Find the composition by mass of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen.
% of carbon (C) in the compound = 0.1875 x 100 = 37.5%
0.50
% of hydrogen (H) in the compound = 0.0625 x 100 = 12.5%

0.50
% of oxygen (O) in the compound = 100 – 37.5 – 12.5 = 50%
Continue next page….

STEP 3 Calculate the empirical formula
Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Oxygen, O

Number of moles 37.5 = 3.125 12.5 = 12.5 50.0 = 3.125
12 1 16
Atomic ratio 3.125 = 1 12.5 = 4 3.125 = 1
3.125 3.125 3.125
Therefore, the empirical formula is CH4O

MOLES FOR
SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more

substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the
smaller amount(s)
The solvent is the substance present in the larger
amount
Solution Solvent Solute
Soft drink (l) H2O Sugar, CO2
Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
Soft Solder (s) Pb Sn
Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution
What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of

a 2.80 M KI solution? RMM of KI is
166g/mol
M KI M KI
volume KI moles KI grams KI
1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
4.5
4.5
CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
AND STOICHIOMETRY
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or

more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during
a chemical reaction
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O
reactants products
How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on
the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2

on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
3.7
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
3.7
5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
3.7
Exercise
Sodium hydroxide NaOH and
phosphoric acid, H3PO4 reacts as
aq solutions to give sodium
phosphate, Na3PO4 and water.
The sodium phosphate remains
in solutions. Write the balanced
equation for this reaction.
Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions
1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units 3.8
Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O
1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
235 g H2O
3.8
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
LIMITING REACTANT
Limiting Reagents
A limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is the
substance that
•Is used up first.
•Stops the reaction.
6 red left over

6 green used up 3.9
Example of Everyday Limiting
Reactant
How many peanut butter sandwiches could be
made from 8 slices bread and 1 jar of peanut
butter?
With 8 slices of bread, only 4 sandwiches could be

made. The bread is the limiting item.
Example of Everyday Limiting
Reactant
How many peanut butter sandwiches could be
made from 8 slices bread and 1 tablespoon of
peanut butter?
With 1 tablespoon of peanut butter, only 1

sandwich could be made. The peanut butter is
the limiting item.
 Example Limiting Reactant Calculation:
 A 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of
oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant and how much
excess reactant remains after the reaction has stopped?
 First, we need to create a balanced equation for the
reaction:
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
 Calculate how many moles of each?

The EXCESS
The reactant that produces the lesser amount of product in this
case is the oxygen, which is thus the "limiting reactant."
Next, to find the amount of excess reactant, we must calculate
how much of the non-limiting reactant (ammonia) actually did
react with the limiting reactant (oxygen).
64
Limiting Reactants
Example Problem 1
When 4.00 mol H2 is mixed with 2.00 mol
Cl2,how
many moles of HCl can form?
H2(g) + Cl(g)  2HCl (g)
4.00 mol 2.00 mol ??? mol
• Calculate the moles of product from each
reactant, H2 and Cl2.
• The limiting reactant is the one that
produces the smaller amount of product.
65
Limiting Reactants Using
Moles
How much HCl can be formed from the H2 ?
4.00 mol H2 x 2 mol HCl = 8.00 mol HCl
1 mol H2
HCl from Cl2

2.00 mol Cl2 x 2 mol HCl = 4.00 mol HCl
1 mol Cl2 (smaller number)
The limiting reactant is Cl2 because it is used up
first. Thus Cl2 produces the smaller number of
moles of HCl.
Limiting Reactants Using Mass
66
Example Problem 3
If 192 grams Ca mixed with 56 grams N2, which is the
limiting reactant?
3Ca(s) + N2(g)  Ca3N2(s)
Moles of Ca3H2 from Ca

192 grams Ca /40 =
4.80 mol Ca x 1 mol Ca3N2 = 1.60 mol Ca3N2 3 mol Ca
Moles of Ca3H2 from N2
56 grams N2/ 28 grams = 2.00 mol N2 x 1 molCa3N2 =
2.00 mol Ca3N2
All Ca is used up when 1.60 mol Ca3N2 forms. Thus, Ca is
the limiting reactant.
67
Example Problem 3
Calculate the mass of water produced when 8.00 g H2 and
24.0 g O2 react? Which is the limiting reactant? How many
excessive reactants remains?
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?

In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3
Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

3.9
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of

product that can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
3.9
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
3.10
Calculating Percent Yield
 theoretical yield: the maximum amount of product
that could be formed from given amounts of
reactants
 actual yield: the product that actually forms when the
reaction is carried out in the laboratory; the actual
yield is often always less than the theoretical yield
 percent yield: the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield expressed as a percent. The percent
yield measures the efficiency of the reaction
percent yield = actual yield X 100%

theoretical yield
 Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating, as shown
in the following equation
 What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8 g CaCO3 is

heated?
 What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is produced?
 The theoretical yield can be calculated using the

mass of the reactant (mole ratio)
 Percent yield can then be calculated using the
equation, now that you know the theoretical and
are given the actual yield or experimental yield
percent yield = actual yield X 100%

theoretical yield
 When 84.8 g of iron (III) oxide reacts with an excess of

carbon monoxide, 54.3 g of iron is produced
 What is the percent yield of this reaction?

 You are given the actual yield; you now must calculate the
theoretical yield
High order problem question
In an industrial process for making nitric acid, the first step is the
reaction of ammonia with oxygen at high temperature in the
presence of a platinum gauze. Nitrogen monoxide forms as follow:
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
How many grams of nitrogen monoxide can form if a mixture of 30.0 g

of NH3 and 40.0 g of O2 is used in the reaction? Which is the limiting
reactant? What is the remaining excessive reactant left? If only 3.98 g
of nitrogen monoxide form, what is the percentage yield?

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CHM138/FSG-K/UiTMPG

1 SYLLABUS CHM 141

 Tests (2) 25%

COURSE CODE:CHM 141

 Symbos of element, Atomic Mass, Molecule Mass

1. Matter is anything that occupies

water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen

A mixture is a combination of two or more

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not

Physical means can be used to

An element is a substance that cannot be

A compound is a substance composed of

Compounds can only be separated into their

Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)

SYMBOL OF ELEMENT, ATOMIC

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

The mass number

Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Natural lithium is:

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

Average atomic mass (6.941)

Percent composition of an element in a compound =

n x molar mass of element

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro

6.022140857(74)×1023, is known as the Avogadro

THE MOLE CONCEPT

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)

Atomic Substances Molecules

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

For any element

Do you understand MOLE and

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

Do You Understand the correlation of

How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

8.49 x 1021 atoms K

For any molecule

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

Do You Understand Molecular Mass?

How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?

Hint! 1 mol C3H8O =

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

MOLECULAR AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Number of moles of sulphur = 1.34 = 0.042 mol

Calculating an Empirical Formula

Therefore, the empirical formula is K2CrO4

Problems encounter for EF

n = Relative molecular mass (g/mol)

Calculating an Empirical Formula from

Therefore, the empirical formula is CH2O

FIND THE MOLECULAR FORMULA OF X

By using the above formula, CH2O

Calculating Molecular Formula

STEP 1 Find the mass of carbon and hydrogen in 0.50 g of the

1 mole (18 g) of H2O contains 2 g of hydrogen atoms

STEP 2 Find the composition by mass of carbon, hydrogen and

% of hydrogen (H) in the compound = 0.0625 x 100 = 12.5%

% of oxygen (O) in the compound = 100 – 37.5 – 12.5 = 50%