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METODE EKSPERIMEN

Prof. Dr. H. Djaali


Prof. Dr. H. Maruf Akbar

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
2010
Metode penelitian eksperimen
Eksperimen:
Research in which the independent variable ( one or more
variables) is manipulated to investigate a cause- and –
effect relationships between it (independent variable) and
the dependent variable
Variabel :
efek pengaruh
Independent (X) Dependent (Y)
(satu atau lebih) (satu atau lebih)
- Variabel eksperimen - Variabel dependent
- Variabel treatment
- Intervention
• Experiment as a test or series of test in which
purposeful changes are made to the input
variables of a process or system so that we
may observe and identify the reasons for
changes that may be observed in the output
response
Controllable factors

inputs process outputs

Uncontrollable factor
Karakteristik Penelitian Eksperimen
1. Disain eksperimen dibangun atas dasar
kajian teoretik
(Theory-driven research hypothesis)
2. Ekuivalensi subjek secara statistik pada aspek
intervensi, melakukan kontrol dan komparasi
kelompok (dilakukan secara random
assignment)
3. Peneliti melakukan kontrol intervensi –intervensi
secara independen dan sama seragam terhadap
seluruh subjek yang dikenai eksperimen
4. Mengukur setiap variabel dependent/hasil
eksperimen
5. Menggunakan Statistika Inferensial
6. Melakukan kontrol secara cermat terhadap
kondisi-kondisi dan variabel-variabel yang
diduga mempengaruhi hasil eksperimen
(extraneous variables)
CONTOH

Topik : Kinerja pegawai


Research problem : Kinerja pegawai rendah
Teori :
Performance = Ability x Motivation (Effort)
sedangkan :
Ability = Aptitude x Training x Resources
Motivation = Desire x Commitment
Tujuan research : memperbaiki kinerja
pegawai dengan modifikasi
model training dan motivasi
Yijk = μT + αi + βj + (σβ)ij + εijk

MODEL TRAINING RATA-


(A ATAU X1) RATA
M N P
KOMITMEN TINGGI (T) Y 111 Y 121 Y 131
(B ATAU Y112 Y122 Y132
X2) . . .
Y11N Y12N Y13N

RATA-RATA
Y11 Y 12 Y13 Y1.
RENDAH (R) Y 211 Y 221 Y 231
Y212 Y222 Y232
. . .
Y21N Y22N Y23N

RATA-RATA
Y21 Y 22 Y23 Y2.

Y.1 Y.2 Y.3


PENJELASAN
Yijk = μT + αi + βj + (σβ)ij + εijk

i =1,2, …, a

j = 1,2,…, b

k = 1,2,…, r

Yijk = Skor pada hasil eksperimen yang memperoleh


kombinasi perlakuan ij pada satuan percobaan
ke-k
μT = rata-rata populasi
αi = pengaruh aditif taraf ke- i factor A
βj = pengaruh aditif taraf ke- j factor B
(σβ)ij = pengaruh interaksi taraf ke-i factor A dan taraf
ke-j factor B
εijk = kekeliriuan eksperimen dari satuan percobaan
ke-k
 EKSPERIMEN :
1. Faktor A
- Model Pelatihan (X1) terdiri atas tiga taraf:
M, N, dan P
2. Faktor B
- Komitmen (X2) terdiri atas dua taraf :
T, dan R
Kombinasi perlakuan/treatment
(MT), (NT), (PT)
(MR), (NR), (PR)

Sekumpulan kombinasi perlakuan/treatment


dinyatakan dengan kata Faktorial
1. Pengaruh Sederhana (Simple effects)
2. Pengaruh Utama (Main effects)
3. Pengaruh Interaksi (Interactions effects)
PENGARUH SEDERHANA (SIMPLE EFFECT)
CONTOH
PENGARUH /EFEK MODEL PELATIHAN TERHADAP
KINERJA (Y) PADA KONDISI KOMITMEN TINGGI

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
TINGGI

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
TINGGI
RENDAH

PENGARUH /EFEK MODEL PELATIHAN TERHADAP


KINERJA (Y) PADA KONDISI KOMITMEN RENDAH

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
RENDAH
CONTOH

PENGARUH KOMITMEN THDP KINERJA(Y) PADA SETIAP MODEL PELATIHAN

KOMITMEN M KOMITMEN N KOMITMEN P


TINGGI TINGGI TINGGI
RENDAH RENDAH RENDAH

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
TINGGI
RENDAH
PENGARUH UTAMA

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
TINGGI
MAIN EFFECT
RENDAH
KOMITMEN

MAIN EFFECT
MODEL PELATIHAN
CONTOH CONTOH RATA-RATA HASIL EKSPERIMEN

KOMITMEN MODEL PELATIHAN


M N P
TINGGI 30 25 15
RENDAH 35 20 30
40

35

30
KOMITMEN

25

20

15 TINGGI
RENDAH
10

M N P
MODEL PELATIHAN
CONTOH LAIN

NO INTERACTION EFFECTS INTERACTION


EFFECT
(PARALLEL) (NO PARALLEL)
80
50 70
60
KOMITMEN

40
50
TINGGI TINGGI
30 40
RENDAH RENDAH
30
20
20
10 10
0
0

MODEL PELATIHAN
DEFINISI INTERAKSI

- An interaction is present when the effects of one


independent variable on behavior change at the
different levels of the second independent variable

- An interaction is present when the simple effects of


one independent variable are not the same at levels
of the second independent variable
KARAKTERISTIK PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN
1. Random assignment
The process assigning subjects to experimental
treatments randomly

Random assignment means that every person has an


equal chance of being in either the experimental or
control group

Any bias in the personal characteristics of


individuals in the experiment is distributed equally
among the groups. By randomization, the researcher
provide control for extraneous characteristics of the
subjects that might influence the outcome (e.g.
ability, motivation )
KETERANGAN
Keterangan perbedaan random assigment dengan random selection
dalam pemilihan dan penempatan subjek/unit analisis pada
penelitian eksperimen, dapat dijelaskan melalui gambar berikut.

Populasi

Random selection

Sampel

Random assignment

Treatment Control
PENJELASAN
SAMPLE

CONTOH

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT OF SUBJECTS

GROUP A GROUP B

TREATMENT 1 TREATMENT 2

MEAN 1 MEAN 2
2. Control over extraneous variables
- Extraneous variable : In experiments, any aspect of the
situation, other than the treatment variable, that can
influence the dependent variable
Kontrol dengan :
- random assignment
- pretests
- covariates (are variables that the
researcher control for using statistics and
that relate to dependent variable but not
relate to the independent variable)
- matching of participants
- homogeneous samples
Penjelasan covariate
No covariate

Independent Dependent
variable variable

Covariate
Introduced
Dependent
Independent Variable (Y):
Variable (X): Kinerja Covariate:
Model Pretest
Pelatihan

VARIANCE Variance yang dipindahkan secara


VARIABEL X DAN Y statistik sehingga varians antara x
dan Y seluruhnya masih tetap
3. Manipulation of the independent variable
- Identify a treatment variable
* Training in communication skills
(model M, N, P)
- Identify the conditions (or levels ) of the
variable
Contoh
Can manipulate
Kategori MODEL PELATIHAN
Peserta (training in communication skills)
M N P
Cannot
manipul Women
ate
Man
4. Outcome measures
- Outcome or response, criterion, or posttest)
5. Group comparisons
Yijk = μT + αi + βj + (αβ)ij + εijk
Kategori MODEL PELATIHAN (A) RATA-
Peserta (training in communication skills) RATA
(B) M N P (Baris)
Women Perbedaan
YMWo Y NWo YPWo YWo rata-rata
baris
Man
YMMa YNMa YPMa YMa /main
effect-
RATA-RATA Kategori
(Kolom) YM YN YP subjek

Perbedaan Rata-rata Kolom


(Pengaruh utama /main effect – Model Pelatihan)
HYPOTHESIS STATISTIK

HO. : αi = 0 (untuk semua kolom)


H1 : αi ≠ 0 (untuk semua kolom)

HO. : βj = 0 (untuk semua baris)


H1 : βj ≠ 0 (untuk semua baris)

HO. : (αβ)ij = 0 (untuk semua sel)


H1 : (αβ)ij ≠ 0 (untuk semua sel)
6. Threats to validity
- Artinya kemungkinan ada ancaman
terhadap kesimpulan eksperimen dari data
penelitian sehingga kemungkinan akan
mengganggu kesimpulan sebab akibat dari
pengaruh antara perlakuan terhadap hasil
eksperimen

- Experimental validity, mencakup:


* Statistical conclusion
* Internal validity
* Construct validity
* External validity
Threats to Statistical
- Low statistical power
* The design does not have enough subjects
or a powerful enough treatment to detect
a difference
- Violated assumptions of statistical test
* Assumptions such as having a population
with a normal distribution and equal
variances are not met
- Unreliability of measures
* The presence of measurement error makes
it difficult to obtain a significant difference
- Unreliability of treatment implementation
* Differences in the administration of an
intervention to different individual or groups
result in underestimating the effect of
treatment
- Extraneous variance in the experimental setting
* Differences in the settings in which the
treatments took place inflate the error
rate, making difficult to find difference
Internal validity
The extent to which extraneous variables have been controlled
by the researcher, so that any observed effects can be attributed
solely to the treatment variable
Internal validity :
*Related to subjects * Related to treatments
in the study
1. History 1. Diffusion of treatments
2. Maturation 2. Compensatory equalization
3. Instrumentation 3. Compensatory rivalry
4. Regression 4. Resentful demoralization
5. Selection
6. Mortality * Related to the procedures
7. Interaction with selection 1. Testing
2. Instrumentation
Threats to External Validity
The extent to which the results of a research
can be generalized to individuals and situation
beyond those involved in the study
1. Interaction of selection and treatment
2. Interaction of setting and treatment
3. Interaction of history and treatment
REFERENSI
Bordens, Kenneth S. and Abbott, Bruce B. Research Design and
Methods. Boston: McGrawHill, 2008
Cooper, Donald R, and Schindler, Pamela S. Business Research
Methods. Boston:McGrawHill, 2008
Creswell, John W. Educational Research. Singapore: Pearson Ed., 2008
Gall, Meredith D, and Borg, Walter R. Educational Research. Boston:
Pearson Ed., 2003
Kazmier, Leonard J. Business Statistics. New York: McGrawHill, 2004
Keppel, Geoffrey. Design and Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice
Hall,1991
McMillan, James H, and Schumacher, Sally. Research in Education.
Boston: Pearson Ed., 2006
Zar. Jerrold H. Biostatistical Analysis. London: Pearson, 2010
LANJUT KE MATERI TIPE-TIPE DISAIN
EKSPERIMEN

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