Part 2: Understanding the Force on a CCC

in a Magnetic Field
 An electric current through a wire produces a
magnetic field around it.
 When a wire carries an electric current through
another magnetic field, a force is exerted on the wire.
 The magnetic force on a current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field is due to the combination of the magnetic
field due to the current in the conductor and the external
magnetic field producing a resultant magnetic field.
 The direction of the magnetic force, F, acting on the wire
can be determined by using Fleming’s left-hand rule.
 Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule
 Determines the direction of the
current, magnetic field and
force acting on a conductor.
 Mostly used to predict the
direction of the force and also
known as motor rule.
 First finger – direction of
magnetic field (North to South)
 Second Finger – points in the
direction of the current.
 Thumb – indicates direction of
magnetic force or motion of
conductor.
Experiment
 Results

S N

N S
 Results

S
N

S
Determine the direction of Catapult Force

N S N X S

S X N S N
Determine the direction of Catapult Force

N N

S S

S
N

N
S
Work Smart
Work Smart
 Conclusion
 When a current-carrying conductor is in a magnetic field
of a permanent magnet, the interaction between the two
magnetic fields produce a force on the conductor.
 The direction of the magnetic field, the current and the
force acting on a conductor is perpendicular to each other.
 Catapult Field

 The permanent magnets produce a uniform, parallel

magnetic field.
 The current-carrying vertical wire produces a circular
magnetic field around itself.
 The two fields interact to produce a resultant magnetic
field known as a catapult field.
 Upward, the two fields are in the same direction and they
produce a stronger combined field.
 Downward, the two fields act in opposite directions and
the combined field is weaker.
 The wire carrying a current thus experiences a resultant
force in the direction from the stronger to the weaker
field, from upward to downward.
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Part 2: Understanding the Force on a CCC in a Magnetic Field (cont.)
Force between Two CCC
 When 2 current carrying conductors are placed close to each
other, a force will be generated between them.
 If the current in both conductors flow in the same direction,
they will attract each other, whereas if the currents are in
opposite direction, they will repel each other.
Force between Two CCC (Experiment)
Force between Two CCC (Understanding)
Two CCC with currents flowing in the same direction
 Force between Two CCC (Understanding)
Two CCC with currents flowing in the same direction

 Current – carrying conductors produces magnetic fields

around it
 When two CCC with current flowing in the same
direction are placed closed to each other, a weak magnetic
field is produced in the region in between the conductors
 This happens because the magnetic fields in between the
two conductors are in opposite direction and some
magnetic fields cancels each other out.
 Relatively, the outer magnetic fields are stronger.
 The two conductors experiences a resultant force in the
direction from the stronger to the weaker field.
 Thus, they attract each other.
Force between Two CCC (Understanding)
Two CCC with currents flowing in the opposite direction
 Force between Two CCC (Understanding)
Two CCC with currents flowing in the opposite direction

 Current – carrying conductors produces magnetic fields

around it
 When two CCC with current flowing in opposite
direction are placed closed to each other, a strong
magnetic field is produced in the region in between the
conductors
 This happens because the magnetic fields in between the
two conductors are in the same direction
 Relatively, the outer magnetic fields are weaker.
 The two conductors experiences a resultant force in the
direction from the stronger to the weaker field.
 Thus, they repel each other.
 Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Force on a
CCC in a Magnetic Field
Angle between the current, I
Strength of magnetic field
and the magnetic field, B
the magnitude of the force
force is at maximum when
acting on a conductor increase
angle is 90 and decreases to
as the strength of the magnetic
zero when current and
field increases
magnetic fields are parallel

Factors
Length of the CCC Magnitude of the current
the force acting on a conductor magnitude of the force acting
increases as its length on a conductor increases as the
increases magnitude of the current
flowing in the conductor
increases
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Turning Effect of a Current-Carrying Coil in a
Magnetic Field
Application (Direct-Current Motor)
 Application (Direct-Current Motor)

 Electric motor converts electrical energy to kinetic energy. It

consist a rectangular coil of wire placed between 2 permanent
magnets.
 The coil are soldered to a copper split ring known as commutator.
2 carbon brushes are held against the commutator.
 The function of the commutator is to change the direction of the
current in the coil and hence change the direction of the couple
(the 2 forces in opposite direction) in every half revolution.
 This is to make sure that the coil can rotate continuously.
Application (Direct-Current Motor)
When current flows through the
horizontal coil, magnetic field
is produced around it. The
interaction between the
magnetic field of the current –
carrying coil and the magnetic
field of the permanent magnet
produces a catapult field and 2
turning force. The direction of
the force is determined by
Fleming’s left-hand rule. The
two forces produce a couple
which rotates the coil.
Application (Direct-Current Motor)

When the coil gets to the

upright position, the contact
between the carbon brushes
with the commutator is
broken. There is no turning
force on it because no current
flows in the coil. But the coil
continues to rotate because of
its inertia.
Application (Direct-Current Motor)

When the coil in a horizontal

position again, the sides of the
coil change position. The
commutator reverses the
direction of the current in the
coil to ensure that the forces on
the coil turn the coil in one
direction only. So the coil is still
rotating in the same direction.
Application (Direct-Current Motor)

The above processes are

repeated and the motor
continues to rotate.
Factors Affecting the Speed of Rotation of Motor

SPEED OF ROTATION
FACTORS OF THE MOTOR

Increase the size of the

Increase
current

Increase the strength of

Increase
the magnetic field

Increase the number of

Increase
turns

Increase the area of the

Increase
coil