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Part 3: Electromagnetic Induction

 Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electric


current by changing the magnetic field

 Induced current is only produced when there is a relative


motion between the conductor and magnetic field lines.
 The induced current is produce when
a) Moving a straight wire b) Moving a permanent
quickly across a magnet towards one end
magnetic field between 2 of a solenoid.
flat magnets.
 Each time the straight wire cuts across the magnetic field,
or the permanent magnet moves towards the solenoid, a
current is induced in the coil and a deflection is observed
in the sensitive galvanometer.

 This current is called induced current.


 The electromotive force that is produced is called the
induced e.m.f.
 The direction of the induced
current depends on the pole
of the magnet used and the
direction of motion of either
a magnet or a coil.
 The greater the induced
current is, the greater the
induced e.m.f. produced.
 There are 2 principal laws of
electromagnetic induction:
a) Faraday’s Law
b) Lenz’s Law
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
 To determine the direction of a
current induced in a conductor.
 The induced current increases
when:
a) The strength of magnetic field
increases
b) Number of turns in the solenoid
increases
c) The speed of relative motion
increases
d) The length of conductor is
increased
e) When the cutting angle is 90o
(maximum)
Determine the direction of induced current

N S N S

F
Determine the direction of induced current

F F
N

N
F F
S

S
Lenz’s Law
 States that the induced current always flows in a direction
so that it opposes the change which is causing it.
 Based on the principle of conservation of energy.
 When the magnet or solenoid is moved against the
opposing force, work is done. Therefore, mechanical
energy is converted to electrical energy.
Lenz’s Law: Example

P
P P Q
Q

 When a north pole is moved towards the end P of a


solenoid, the end P become a north pole by induction
 A force of repulsion is produce to oppose the motion of
the bar magnet which produces the induced current.
 The direction of flow of induced current is determined by
using the right hand grip rule
Lenz’s Law: Example

P Q P Q

 When a north pole is moved away from the end P of a


solenoid, the end P become a south pole by induction
 A force of attraction is produce to oppose the motion of
the bar magnet which produces the induced current.
 The direction of flow of induced current is determined by
using the right hand grip rule
Faraday’s Law

 States that the magnitude of the e.m.f induced in a


conductor is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
 The induced e.m.f can be increased by:
 moving the magnet at higher speed
 using a strong magnet
 increasing the number of turns of wire.
Faraday’s Law
The induced current or EMF
lasts only for the time for which
lines of force or magnetic flux is
actually changing.

More than 90% world’s power


is being generated using
electromagnets based on the
Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.
Many new technologies were
discovered with time which led
a drastic change in the
perception of electric energy.
Lenz’s law vs Faraday’s Law
 In summary
 Faraday’s Law is basically used to find the magnitude
of E.m.f. induced from the rate of change of magnetic
flux.
 Lenz’s Law is a part of Faraday’s Law and can help
you determine the direction of induced current
provided you know how the flux is changing.
 Extra Note: What is magnetic flux?
 shows the quantity or strength of magnetic lines
produced by the magnet.
 It is the number of magnetic field lines passing
through a surface (such as a loop of wire)

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