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Gathering lines
These are very small pipelines usually from 2 to 8
inches in diameter in the areas of the country in which
crude oil is found deep within the earth.
It is estimated that there are between 30,000 to 40,000
miles of these small gathering lines located primarily
in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Wyoming with
small systems in a number of other oil producing
states.
These small lines gather the oil from many wells, both
onshore and offshore, and connect to larger trunk lines
measuring from 8 to 24 inches in diameter.
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Trunk Lines
Trunk lines include a few very large lines, such as the
Trans Alaska Pipeline System, which is 48 inches in
diameter.
The larger cross-country crude oil transmission
pipelines bring crude oil from producing areas to
refineries.
There are approximately 55,000 miles of crude oil
trunk lines in the U.S.
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Refined Product Pipelines
The next group of oil pipelines are those carrying
refined petroleum products – gasoline, jet fuel, home
heating oil and diesel fuel.
These pipelines deliver petroleum products to large fuel
terminals with storage tanks to be loaded into tanker
trucks.
Trucks cover the last few miles to make local deliveries
to gas stations and homes. Major industries, airports
and electrical power generation plants are supplied
directly by pipeline.
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Refined Products Pipelines
The nation's crude oil pipelines transport crude oil
from oilfields to refineries, where the oil is turned into
dozens of useful products such as gasoline, home
heating oil, jet fuel, diesel, lubricants and the raw
materials for fertilizer, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Products pipelines then transport refined products to
terminals or local distribution centers.
Refined products are then distributed to the
companies and consumers who rely on a steady and
economically transported supply of these products.
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Most gasoline and diesel fuel supplies are delivered to
the marketplace by pipelines - from refineries to local
distribution centers.
Tanker trucks carry gasoline only the last few miles of
the trip to individual service stations. Major American
airports rely almost entirely on pipelines, and have
dedicated pipelines to deliver jet fuel directly to the
airport.
Almost all plastics are made from resins and other raw
materials derived from oil.
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Natural Gas Pipelines
Natural gas is found in many of the same areas of the
country as crude oil and is collected through small
gathering systems and moved to gas processing plants,
where impurities are removed.
The gathering lines move natural gas to large cross-
country transmission pipelines.
Natural gas, unlike oil, is delivered directly to homes
and businesses through local distribution lines.
Large distribution lines, called mains, move the gas
close to cities. These main lines, along with the much
smaller lines to homes and businesses, deliver natural
gas under streets in almost every city and town.
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Who Operates the Nation's Pipelines?
The network of oil and natural gas pipelines that serve the
country is not a single entity.
Larger group of pipeline systems are owned and operated by
companies who are only pipeline operators and who are not
involved in other aspects of the oil industry.
There are also those companies, like a power plant or a
chemical plant, who may operate a small pipeline system to
bring fuel to the plant or to move feedstocks from one plant
to another.
Natural gas pipelines run the gamut from large, regional
companies to small, municipal gas systems and everything in
between.
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Who Watches Out for Pipeline Safety?
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Metering Stations
• Metering stations are placed periodically along
interstate natural gas pipelines.
• These stations allow pipeline companies to monitor
and manage the natural gas in their pipes.
• These metering stations measure the flow of gas along
the pipeline, and allow pipeline companies to 'track'
natural gas as it flows along the pipeline
• These metering stations employ specialized meters to
measure the natural gas as it flows through the
pipeline, without impeding its movement
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Valves
Interstate pipelines include a great number of valves
along their entire length. These valves work like
gateways.
These large valves can be placed every 5 to 20 miles
along the pipeline, and are subject to regulation by
safety codes.
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Pig Launcher
Used for launching & despatching pigs to the outgoing
pipeline.
After the pig is launched into the pipeline, it is trapped
at the other end of the pipeline by Pig Receiver.
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Pigging
The main function of pigs are :
To clean and remove debris
For pre-inspection & certification of newly built
pipeline.
To maximize efficiency and ensure continuous
operation by removing pipeline deposits.
To monitor corrosion and damage on the internal
surface of the pipeline.
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Gas Compression Facility
Booster stations are required every few kms to
maintain the pressures in the pipeline.
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Filter/Coalescer
Filter/Coalescer is used for the cleaning of the arriving
gas from dust particles and for removal of any
entrained liquid from the gas.
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Pipeline Risks
Internal corrosion & cracking
Internal erosion
Mechanical impact
Fatigue
Geo-technical forces
Growth of material defects
Over pressurization
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SCADA
Overall monitoring & control of pipeline
Leak Detection
Pipeline efficiency monitoring
Monitoring movement of pigs
Gas quality detection
Early warning of adverse operating condition
Automatic shut down of the valves
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The End…………………….
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