1 Software Economics - Unit-II 15SE204 - Professional Ethics And 2 Software Economics - Unit-II Moral Reasoning
• Ethical (or moral) dilemmas are situations in which moral
reasons come into conflict, or in which the applications of moral values are unclear, and it is not immediately obvious what should be done. • Steps in Resolving Ethical Dilemmas 1. Moral clarity: Identify the relevant moral values 2. Conceptual clarity: Be clear about key concepts 3. Informed about the facts: Obtain relevant information 4. Informed about the options: Consider all (realistic) options 5. Well-reasoned: Make a reasonable decision
• Accreditation, licensing, and certification may vary by location
and by the entity providing the credential.
• To check with your local jurisdiction to determine what is
required.
• Accreditation, licensing, and certification are not
interchangeable terms. They each have a unique meaning and implication.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And Software
Economics - Unit-II 4 Accreditation
• Accreditation is both a process and a credential
• The accreditation process is voluntary
• Only organizations, agencies, or programs can be accredited
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
5 Software Economics - Unit-II Certification
• Certification demonstrates the capability to provide a
specialized service or particular program
• Typically, certification is voluntary, but sometimes regulatory
bodies require certification in order to provide a specific service
• Individuals, facilities, programs, organizations or agencies can
obtain certification.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
6 Software Economics - Unit-II Licensing
• Licensing exists primarily for public safety and the well-being of
consumers
• Typically, licensing is involuntary
• Individuals, facilities, programs, organizations or agencies can
be licensed.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
7 Software Economics - Unit-II 15SE204 - Professional Ethics And 8 Software Economics - Unit-II Codes of ethics • Codes of ethics state the moral responsibilities of engineers as seen by the profession and as represented by a professional society. • Codes of ethics play at least eight essential roles: 1. Serving and protecting the public 2. Providing guidance 3. Offering inspiration 4. Establishing shared standards 5. Supporting responsible professionals 6. Contributing to education 7. Deterring wrongdoing 8. Strengthening a profession’s image
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
9 Software Economics - Unit-II Abuse of Codes • When codes are not taken seriously within a profession, they amount to a kind of window dressing that ultimately increases public cynicism about the profession. Worse, codes occasionally.
• Preoccupation with keeping a shiny public image may silence
healthy dialogue and criticism.
• The best way to increase trust is by encouraging and helping
engineers to speak freely and responsibly about public safety and well-being
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
10 Software Economics - Unit-II Limitations of Codes • Codes are no substitute for individual responsibility in grappling with concrete dilemmas. Most codes are restricted to general wording, and hence inevitably contain substantial areas and Codes of Ethics of vagueness.
• Other uncertainties can arise when different entries in codes come
into conflict with each other. Usually codes provide little guidance as to which entry should have priority in those cases.
• limitation of codes connects with a wider issue about whether
professional groups or entire societies can create sets of standards for themselves.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
11 Software Economics - Unit-II Justification of Codes
• When these values are specified as responsibilities, they
constitute role responsibilities - that is, obligations connected with a particular social role as a professional.
• These responsibilities are not self certifying, any more than
other customs are.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
12 Software Economics - Unit-II Professional conduct • A code of professional conduct is a necessary component to any profession to maintain standards for the individuals within that profession to adhere. It brings about accountability, responsibility and trust to the individuals that the profession serves. • The importance of professional conduct in all areas of the corporation must be backed by support for professionals who work according to the guidelines outlined in professional codes of ethics.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
13 Software Economics - Unit-II Professional Rights • Engineers have several types of moral rights, which fall into the sometimes overlapping categories of human, employee, contractual, and professional rights.
• Three professional rights have special importance:
1. The basic right of professional conscience
2. The right of conscientious refusal
3. The right of professional recognition
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
14 Software Economics - Unit-II Professional Rights • Right of Professional Conscience. • The right of professional conscience is the moral right to exercise professional judgment in pursuing professional responsibilities. Pursuing those responsibilities involves exercising both technical judgment and reasoned moral convictions. • Right of Conscientious Refusal. • The right of conscientious refusal is the right to refuse to engage in unethical behavior and to refuse to do so solely because one views it as unethical. • Right of Recognition. • Engineers have a right of professional recognition for their work and accomplishments. Part of this involves fair monetary remuneration, and part nonmonetary forms of recognition.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
15 Software Economics - Unit-II Employee Rights • Employee rights are any rights, moral or legal, that involve the status of being an employee.
• They overlap with some professional rights they also include
institutional rights created by organizational policies or employment agreements, such as the right to be paid the salary specified in one’s contract.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
16 Software Economics - Unit-II Employee Rights • Privacy Right.
• The right to pursue outside activities can be thought of as a
right to personal privacy in the sense that it means the right to have a private life off the job.
• Right to Equal Opportunity: Preventing Sexual Harassment.
• Unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context
of a relationship of unequal power. It takes two main forms: quid pro quo and hostile work environment.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
17 Software Economics - Unit-II Employee Rights • Right to Equal Opportunity: Non discrimination.
• Perhaps nothing is more demeaning than to be discounted
because of one’s sex, race, skin color, age, or political or religious outlook.
• Right to Equal Opportunity: Affirmative Action.
• Affirmative action, as the expression is usually defined, is
giving a preference or advantage to a member of a group that in the past was denied equal treatment, in particular, women and minorities.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
18 Software Economics - Unit-II Environmental ethics • Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world.
• It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including
20 Software Economics - Unit-II Environmental ethics • Environmental Moral Frameworks • Individual engineers can make a difference. Although their actions are limited—within corporations, they share responsibility with many others—they are uniquely placed to act as agents of change, as responsible experimenters. • Human-Centered Ethics • Human-centered, or anthropocentric, environmental ethics focuses exclusively on the benefits of the natural environment to humans and the threats to human beings presented by the destruction of nature. • Sentient-Centered Ethics • One version of nature-centered ethics recognizes all sentient animals as having inherent worth. Sentient animals are those that feel pain and pleasure and have desires.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
21 Software Economics - Unit-II Environmental ethics • Biocentric Ethics • A life-centered ethics regards all living organisms as having inherent worth. • Ecocentric Ethics • A frequent criticism of sentient-centered and biocentered ethics is that they are too individualistic, in that they locate inherent worth in individual organisms. • Religious Perspectives • Each world religion reflects the diversity of outlooks of its members, and the same is true concerning environmental attitudes..
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
22 Software Economics - Unit-II Computer Ethics • Computers have become the technological backbone of society.
• Their degree of complexity, range of applications, and sheer
numbers continue to increase.
• Computer ethics has special importance for the new groups of
professionals emerging with computer technology, for example, designers of computers, programmers, systems analysts, and operators.
• Some of the issues in computer ethics concern shifts in power
relationships resulting from the new capacities of computers.
15SE204 - Professional Ethics And
23 Software Economics - Unit-II Computer Ethics • The Internet and Free Speech 1. Obscene pornography is pornography that is immoral or illegal in many countries, and is not protected in the United States by the First Amendment rights to free speech. 2. Two types of control of pornography and hate speech have been attempted: top-down control by governments, and bottom-up controls by individuals and groups in the marketplace. • Power Relationships • Computers and the Internet dramatically increase the ability of centralized bureaucracies to manage enormous quantities of data, involving multiple variables, and at astonishing speed. 1. Job Elimination 2. Customer Relations 3. Biased Software 4. Stock Trading 5. Military Weapons 15SE204 - Professional Ethics And 24 Software Economics - Unit-II Computer Ethics • Property • The most troublesome issues about property and computers fall under two general headings. • Embezzlement • Data and Software • Privacy • Storage, retrieval, and transmission of information using computers as data processors has revolutionized communication. • Inappropriate Access • Hackers • Legal Responses • Additional Issues • Computer Failures • Computer Implementation • Health Condition 15SE204 - Professional Ethics And 25 Software Economics - Unit-II
(Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry 5) KALEVI KAURANNE (Eds.) - Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Arctic and Temperate Terrains-Elsevier Science (1992) PDF