MICROBIAL

GROWTH
CONTROL
 terminology
o Sterilization
 removal or destruction of all microbes
o Aseptic
An area free of contamination by pathogens
o Disinfection
 use of physical or chemical agents known as
disinfectants
Destruction or removal of harmful micro-
organisms
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 terminology
o Antisepsis
 when a chemical is used on skin or other
tissue
o Degerming
 removal of microbes from a surface by
scrubbing/rubbing
o Sanitization
 disinfecting places and utensils used by the
public
To lower microbial count to safe public levels
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 terminology
o -static/-stasis
 indicates that a chemical or physical
agent inhibits microbial metabolism and
growth but does not kill microorganisms

o Microbiostatic
o bacteriostatic

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 terminology
o -cide/-cidal
 agents that destroy or permanently
inactivate a particular type of
microorganism
o germicide
o bactericide
o Fungicide
o Virucide

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 Actions of antimicrobial
methods

oAlteration of cell walls and

membranes
oDamage to proteins
oDamage to nucleic acids

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 Factors affecting the efficacy of
antimicrobial methods

oNumber of microorganisms
oEnvironmental influences
oTime of exposure
oMicrobial characteristics

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 physical methods
1. Heat
 denature proteins
 interfere with the integrity of
cytoplasmic membrane and cell walls
Disrupt the function and structure of
nucleic acids
o Moist heat
 Boiling – 100 degrees C for 15-30 minutes
 Autoclaving
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 autoclaving

121 degrees
Celsius
 15 pounds per
square inch
 30 minutes

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 physical methods
o Pasteurization
 Use of mild heating to kill bacteria that
causes spoilage
 Classic
 60 degrees C for 30 minutes
 high temperature/short time
 72 degrees C for 15 seconds
 ultra high temperature
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 140 degrees C for less than a second 11
 physical methods
o Dry heat
 denature proteins
 fosters the oxidation of metabolic and
structural chemicals
 flaming
 incineration
 hot-air sterilization – uses an oven
 160-165 degrees C for 2 hours
 170-180 degrees C for 1 hour

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 FLAMING HOT-AIR OVEN

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 physical methods
2. cold
 inhibit microbial growth
 microbiostatic effect
o refrigeration
 2 to 7 degrees Celsius
o Deep-freezing
 -50 to -95 degrees Celsius (quick)
o lyophilization
 freeze-drying method
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 physical methods
3. dessication
 absence of water or moisture
 prevents metabolism

4. High Osmotic pressure

 use of high salt or sugar concentration to create
hypertonic environment to cause plasmolysis

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 physical methods
5. radiation
 damages DNA

o Ionizing radiation
 electron beams, gamma rays, x-rays
o Nonionizing radiation
 UV light, visible light, infrared, radiowave,
microwave (weak)

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 CHEMICAL methods
1. NON-SELECTIVE METHODS

o PHENOL (CARBOLIC ACID)-irritating

 DENATURE PROTEINS
 DISRUPTS CELL MEMBRANES
o PHENOLICS - cresol (lysol)
 DENATURE PROTEINS
 DISRUPTS CELL MEMBRANES

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 CHEMICAL methods
1. NON-SELECTIVE METHODS

o ALCOHOLS- ethanol&isopropanol
 DENATURE PROTEINS
 DISRUPTS CELL MEMBRANES
o HALOGENS
 IODINE
CHLORINE, FLUORINE, BROMINE
 DENATURE PROTEINS
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 CHEMICAL methods
1. NON-SELECTIVE METHODS

o OXIDIZING AGENTS(PEROXYGENS)
 DENATURE PROTEINS BY OXIDATION
 PEROXIDES(H2O2), OZONE, PERACETIC
ACID-sporocide
o SURFACTANTS
 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
 DECREASE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER
AND DISRUPT CELL MEMBRANES-mechanical
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 CHEMICAL methods
1. NON-SELECTIVE METHODS

o HEAVY METALS
 DENATURE PROTEINS
 ARSENIC, ZINC, MERCURY, SILVER, COPPER
o ALDEHYDES
 GLUTARALDEHYDE, FORMALDEHYDE
 DENATURE PROTEINS

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 CHEMICAL methods
1. NON-SELECTIVE METHODS

o GASEOUS AGENTS- closed chamber

 DENATURE PROTEINS
 ETHYLENE OXIDE, PROPYLENE OXIDE

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 CHEMICAL methods
2. SELECTIVE- specific

o ANTIbiOTICS
 INTERFERE MICROBIAL GROWTH
 inhibit cell wall synthesis
 inhibit protein synthesis
 injure plasma membrane
 inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
 inhibit microtubule formation
 inhibit enzyme activities
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 CHEMICAL methods
2. SELECTIVE

o ANTIviral drugs
 protease inhibitor
 inhibit attachment
 inhibit uncoating
 inhibit replication
 prevent spread of viruses to new cells
 interferons

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 CHEMICAL methods
2. SELECTIVE

o antiprotozoan drugs

 inhibit dna synthesis

 chloroquine for malaria
 damages dna structure
 metronidazole for amoeba

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 CHEMICAL methods
2. SELECTIVE
o antihelminthic drugs
 inhibit nutrient absorption
 mebendazole for roundworms
 neuromuscular block
 pyantel pamoate for roundworms
 prevent ATP generation
 niclosamide for tapeworms
 alters membrane permeability
 praziquantel for flukes
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 some contraindications
• Affects pre-existing medical conditions
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Pregnancy
• Renal impairment
• Liver impairment
• Lactation

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 antibiotic sensitivity testing

• It is the determination of the sensitivity of

a certain microorganism to a drug whose
concentration is within achievable level

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 MUELLER-
HINTON AGAR

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 interpretations
Antibiotics Resistant Intermediate Sensitive
(R) (I) (S)
P
(penicillin) <12 mm 13-15 mm >16 mm
10 ug

CF
(cefuroxime) <18 mm 19-20 mm >21 mm
30 ug

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 sensitive

• Lowest concentration required to suppress

the growth of an organism under standard
test conditions

• Indicated by the presence of zone of

inhibition

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 intermediate

• With a measurement that is slightly lower

than the measurement required for
sensitivity

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 resistant

• Ability of an organism to maintain its

immunity to antagonistic agents in its
environment

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 types of antibiotics
• Narrow spectrum
– Effective against few bacteria

• Broad spectrum
– Against wide variety of bacteria

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 characteristics of an ideal
antibiotics
• Be stable when stored in solid/liquid form
• Remain in specific tissues in the body long
enough to be effective
• Kill the pathogens before they mutate and
become resistant to it

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 characteristics of an ideal
antibiotics

• Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens

• Cause no damage to host
• Cause no allergic reactions

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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• Ability of disease-causing organisms to
withstand the effects of antimicrobials
– Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
– Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(VRSA)
– Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
(PRSP)
– Multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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– Plasmodium species – resistant to antimalarial 39
 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• How does resistance develop?
– Develops through a phenomenon called
selective pressure
– Related to Charles Darwin’s Theory of
Natural Selection
• The slight genetic differences among
members of a species make some more
fit to survive than others
• The weak ones are killed, while the
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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• Factors
– Incorrect use of antimicrobials
• Too short a time
• Too low a dose
• Inadequate potency
• Wrong disease

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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• Factors
– Self-medication
• Drugs that are needed
• Inadequately dosed
• Do not contain enough amounts of
active drug

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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• Factors
– Patient expectations and demands
• Can pressure some physicians to
prescribe antimicrobials even when there
is no clear indication for their use

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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• Factors
– Poor compliance

– Poor sanitation

– Veterinary use of antimicrobials

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 ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE
• How to avoid?
– Proper sanitation

– Vaccination

– Maintain good health

– Stay home if you are sick

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