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• IT IS A PERIOD OF BELOW-AVERAGE
PRECIPITATION AT ANY GIVEN REGION,
RESULTING IN PROLONGED SHORATGES
IN WATER SUPPLY,WHETHER
ATMOSPHERIC, SURFACE WATER OR
GROUND WATER.
DROUGHTS
DROUGHT IN THE
PHILIPPINES: 2015
DROUGHT IN TEXAS: 2011
DROUGHT IN CHINA: 2007
DROUGHT IN AFRICA: 2011
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DROUGHTS
•SLOW ONSET
•DIVERSE IN LOCATION AND DURATION
•DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE
SOCIETAL IMPACTS
CLASSIFICATION OF
DROUGHTS
A. Based on Source of Water Availability
1. METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT
2. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
3. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
B. On the basis of time of occurrence
1. PERMANENT DROUGHT
2. SEASONAL DROUGHT
3. CONTINGENT DROUGHT
C. On the Basis of Medium
1. SOIL DROUGHT
2. ATMOSPHERIC DROUGHT
Based on Source of Water
Availability
1. METEROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• IT IS A SITUATION WHERE THERE IS MORE THAN 25%
DECREASE IN PRECIPITATION FROM NORMAL OVER
AN AREA.
• The meteorological droughts mainly indicate deficit rain of
different quantum. Drought is classified as follows from the
rainfall departure:
Based on Source of Water
Availability
Slight drought : When rainfall is 11 to 25% less from
the normal rainfall.
Moderate drought : When rainfall is 26 to 50% less than
the normal rainfall.
Severe drought : When rainfall is more than 50% less
than the normal rainfall
Based on Source of Water
Availability
2. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT
• It is defined as the situation of deficit rainfall when the
hydrological sources like streams, rivers, lakes, wells dry up
and ground water level depletes. This affects industry and
power generation.
• Hydrological drought has 4 components:
a) Magnitude c) Frequency of occurrence
b) Duration d) Severity
Based on Source of Water
Availability
• In the study of hydrological drought it is important to adopt
different techniques for study of (i)surface water deficit and
(ii) groundwater deficit.
• The surface water aspect of drought studies is essentially
related to the stream and the following techniques are
commonly adopted:
1. Low-flow duration curve
2. Low-flow frequency analysis
3. Stream flow Modeling
Based on Source of Water
Availability
1. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT
• This is the situation resulted from inadequate rainfall, when
soil moisture falls to short to meet the water demands of the
crop during growth. Thus affects crop may wilt due to soil
moisture stress resulting into reduction of yield.
ARIDITY INDEX
2. Seasonal Drought
It occurs in the regions with clearly defined as rainy (wet) and
dry climates. Seasonal drought may occur due to large scale
seasonal circulation. This happens in monsoon areas.
On the basis of time of
Occurrence
3. Contingent drought
This results due to irregular and variability in rainfall,
especially in humid and sub humid regions. The occurrence
of such droughts may coincide with grand growth periods of
the crops when the water needs are critical and greatest
resulting into severity of the effects i.e. yield reduction.
On the basis of Medium:
On the basis of medium in which drought occurs. Mexico (1929) has divided
the drought into two types.
1. Soil drought
It is the condition when soil moisture depletes and falls short
to meet potential Evapotranspiration of the crop.
2. Atmospheric drought:
This results from low humidity, dry and hot winds and causes
desiccation of plants. This may occur even when the rainfall
and moisture supply is adequate.
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
• INVOLVES SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM
STRATEGIES.
(ACCORDING TO
PAGASA)