Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advanced
Course
Part 2
External floating roof tank
An external floating roof tank is a storage tank commonly
used to store large quantities of petroleum products such as
crude oil or condensate. It consists of an open- topped
cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on the
surface of the stored liquid. The roof rises and falls with the
liquid level in the tank. As opposed to a fixed roof tank there
is no vapor space in the floating roof tank (except for very low
liquid level situations). In principle, this eliminates breathing
losses and greatly reduces the evaporative loss of the stored
liquid. There is a rim seal system between the tank shell and
roof to reduce rim evaporation.
The roof has support legs hanging down into the liquid. At
low liquid levels the roof eventually lands and a vapor space
forms between the liquid surface and the roof, similar to a
fixed roof tank. The support legs are usually retractable to
increase the working volume of the tank.
Advantages
External roof tanks are usually installed for environmental or economical reasons to
limit product loss and reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (an air
pollutant).
Normally (roof not landed), there is little vapor space, and consequently a much
smaller risk of rim space fire.
Disadvantages . Snow can accumulate on the roof; the roofs are designed to hold up
to 10" / 255mm of water.
Principles of pumping & metering stations
& meter proving
Accurate flow measurement is essential to the cost-effective
operation of pipelines. While highly precise, and often
expensive, flow meters are required to perform care transfer
measurements for payment purposes, there are also
intermediate process measurement points within pumping
stations, for example, that can be served with less expensive
technology
The light crude in the pipeline already had passed through
heaters/treaters or main separators, which left it devoid of
gases, water or other constituents that would disturb the
specific gravity (SG) of the oil. In this region, the oil has an API
gravity rating of 40 or above
With various pipeline sizes from 6 to 8 inches, the liquid
velocity varied between 1 to 16 ft/s (0.3 to 4.9 m/s). Flow
meters are mounted to the discharge lines.
The engineering team reviewed several flow meter technologies, including
differential pressure (dP), positive displacement (PD) and turbine.
Meter proving is the physical testing of the performance of a liquid meter in a
liquid service. The main purpose of the test is to assure accuracy. The basic
principles of proving a liquid meter are the same whether it is a Coriolis meter,
turbine meter, or a positive displacement meter. Each type of meter has its own
characteristics when being proved, but the basic principles are the same
Meter proving
Meter factor prover known volume/meter reading.
This type of pump has a segmented casing or (cast iron case) with modular
interstage components. The rotating assembly is held between bearing
housings, making the assembly more balanced for high pressures.
They typically handle higher flow rates than vertical multistage pumps.
The horizontal configuration of multistage pumps is best applied in
applications like these;
•Reverse Osmosis
•Boiler Feed
•Water injection system.
•Pressure Boosting
•High Pressure Cleaning
•Mine dewatering
Equipment protection instrumentation should be studied against the cost of a
machine failure Repairs.
Types of Instrumentation
Process;
Pressure, Temperature, Flow
Power;
Mechanical -Vibration, Bearing Temperature
Alarm – Any of above
S/D – Any of Above
Dosing pumps.