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PROGRAMME 23
POLAR
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
Given that:
y
r x 2 y 2 and tan 1
x
Polar curves
Polar curves
Polar curves
Polar curves
r = 2sin2θ
r = a sinθ r = a sin2θ
r = a cosθ r = a cos2θ
r = a sin2θ r = a sin3θ
r = a cos2θ r = a cos3θ
r2 = a2cos2θ r = aθ
(a) a b (cardioid)
Applications
Area of a plane figure bounded by a polar curve
Volume of rotation of a polar curve
Arc length of a polar curve
Surface of rotation of a polar curve
Applications
Area of a plane figure bounded by a polar curve
Applications
Volume of rotation of a polar curve
1
A r (r r )sin
2
Applications
Volume of rotation of a polar curve
Since:
1 2
V r (r r )sin .2 . r sin
2 3
so:
V dV
Lim
0 d
2 sin
Lim r 2 (r r ) sin
0 3
2
2 2 3
r3
3
and so V
1 3
r sin d
Applications
Arc length of a polar curve
By Pythagoras:
s 2 r 2 . 2 r
2
so that:
s r
2 2
r 2
therefore:
2 2 2
ds dr dr
d
r2
d
Hence s
1
r2 d
d
Applications
Surface of rotation of a polar curve
That is:
S s.2 .PL
s.2 r sin
Applications
Surface of rotation of a polar curve
Since:
S s.2 .PL
s.2 r sin
so:
S s
.2 r sin
Therefore:
2 2 2
dS dr dr
2 r sin r 2 and so S 2 r sin r
2
d
d d 1 d