22 Lectures

Chapter 22
Descent with Modification: A

Darwinian View of Life
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Darwin Introduces a Revolutionary
Theory
• A new era of biology began on November 24,

1859, the day Charles Darwin published On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
• The Origin of Species focused biologists’ attention
on the great diversity of organisms
Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

• Darwin made two major points in his book:
– Many current species are descendants of

ancestral species
– Natural selection is a mechanism for this
evolutionary process

Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional
views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
• To understand why Darwin’s ideas were

revolutionary, we must examine them in relation to
other Western ideas about Earth and its life

LE 22-2
Linnaeus (classification)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lamarck (species can change)
Malthus (population limits)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Mendel (inheritance)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
American Revolution French Revolution U.S. Civil War
1750 1800 1850 1900
1795 Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
1798 Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution.
1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
1831–1936 Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
1837 Darwin begins his notebooks on the origin of species.
1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species.
1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin.
1859 The Origin of Species is published.
1865 Mendel publishes inheritance papers.
Resistance to the Idea of Evolution
• The Origin of Species
– Shook the deepest roots of Western culture
– Challenged a worldview that had been

prevalent for centuries

The Scale of Nature and Classification of Species
• The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as

fixed and unchanging
• The Old Testament holds that species were
individually designed by God and therefore perfect
• Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal
adaptations as evidence that the Creator had
designed each species for a specific purpose
• Linnaeus was a founder of taxonomy, the branch
of biology concerned with classifying organisms

Fossils, Cuvier, and Catastrophism
• The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork

for Darwin’s ideas
• Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from
the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which
appears in layers or strata
Video: Grand Canyon

• Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely
developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier
• Cuvier advocated catastrophism, speculating that
each boundary between strata represents a
catastrophe

Theories of Gradualism
• Gradualism is the idea that profound change can

take place through the cumulative effect of slow
but continuous processes

• Geologists Hutton and Lyell perceived that
changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow
continuous actions still operating today
• This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
• Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through

use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired
traits
• The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by
evidence

Concept 22.2: In The Origin of Species, Darwin
proposed that species change through natural selection
• As the 19th century dawned, it was generally

believed that species had remained unchanged
since their creation
• However, a few doubts about the permanence of
species were beginning to arise

Darwin’s Research
• As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had

a consuming interest in nature
• After receiving his B.A. degree, he was accepted
on board the HMS Beagle, which was embarking
on a voyage around the world

The Voyage of the Beagle
• During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected

specimens of South American plants and animals
• He observed adaptations of plants and animals
that inhabited many diverse environments
• His interest in geographic distribution of species
was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands
near the equator west of South America

LE 22-5
England
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
PACIFIC ATLANTIC
OCEAN OCEAN
AFRICA
Galápagos HMS Beagle in port
Islands
Equator
SOUTH
AMERICA
Darwin in 1840,
after his return AUSTRALIA
Andes
Cape of
Good Hope
Tasmania
Cape Horn
New
Tierra del Fuego Zealand
Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
Video: Galápagos Island Overview
Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
Video: Soaring Hawk
Video: Galápagos Tortoise

Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation
• In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived

adaptation to the environment and the origin of
new species as closely related processes
• From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage,
biologists have concluded that this is indeed what
happened to the Galápagos finches

LE 22-6
Cactus eater. The long, Seed eater. The large

sharp beak of the ground finch (Geospiza
cactus ground finch magnirostris) has a large
(Geospiza scandens) beak adapted for cracking
helps it tear and eat seeds that fall from plants
cactus flowers and to the ground.
pulp.
Insect eater. The green warbler finch

(Certhidea olivacea) used its narrow,
pointed beak to grasp insects.
• In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on the origin of
species and natural selection but did not introduce
his theory publicly, anticipating an uproar
• In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from
Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a
theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s
• Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and
published it the next year

The Origin of Species
• Darwin developed two main ideas:
– Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity
– Natural selection is a cause of adaptive

evolution

Descent with Modification
• The phrase descent with modification summarized

Darwin’s perception of the unity of life
• The phrase refers to the view that all organisms
are related through descent from an ancestor that
lived in the remote past
• In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a
tree with branches representing life’s diversity

LE 22-7
Sirenia Elephas Loxodonta Loxodonta

Hyracoidea (Manatees maximus africana cyclotis
(Hyraxes) and relatives)
Years ago
(Asia) (Africa) (Africa)

0
10,000
Stegodon
Mammuthus
Mammut
2
Deinotherium
5.5
Platybelodon
Millions of years ago
24
Barytherium
Moeritherium
34
Natural Selection and Adaptation
• Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr has dissected

the logic of Darwin’s theory into three inferences
based on five observations

• Observation #1: For any species, population sizes
would increase exponentially if all individuals that
are born reproduced successfully

• Observation #2: Populations tend to be stable in
size, except for seasonal fluctuations
• Observation #3: Resources are limited
• Inference #1: Production of more individuals than

the environment can support leads to a struggle
for existence among individuals of a population,
with only a fraction of their offspring surviving

• Observation #4: Members of a population vary
extensively in their characteristics; no two
individuals are exactly alike

• Observation #5: Much of this variation is heritable
• Inference #2: Survival depends in part on inherited

traits; individuals whose inherited traits give them
a high probability of surviving and reproducing are
likely to leave more offspring than other individuals

• Inference #3: This unequal ability of individuals to
survive and reproduce will lead to a gradual
change in a population, with favorable
characteristics accumulating over generations

Artificial Selection
• In artificial selection, humans have modified other

species over many generations by selecting and
breeding individuals with desired traits

LE 22-10
Terminal Lateral
bud buds
Cabbage Brussels sprouts
Leaves
Flower
clusters
Cauliflower Kale
Flowers Stem
and
stems
Broccoli Wild mustard Kohlrabi
Summary of Natural Selection
• Natural selection is differential success in

reproduction from interaction between individuals
that vary in heritable traits and their environment
• Natural selection produces an increase over time
in adaptation of organisms to their environment
• If an environment changes over time, natural
selection may result in adaptation to these new
conditions
Video: Seahorse Camouflage

LE 22-11
A flower mantid
in Malaysia
A stick mantid
in Africa
Concept 22.3: Darwin’s theory explains a wide
range of observations
• Darwin’s theory of evolution continues to be tested
by how effectively it can account for additional
observations and experimental outcomes

Natural Selection in Action
• Two examples provide evidence for natural

selection: the effect of differential predation on
guppy populations and the evolution of drug-
resistant HIV

Differential Predation in Guppy Populations
• Researchers have observed natural selection

leading to adaptive evolution in guppy populations

LE 22-12a
Pools with killifish

but no guppies prior
to transplant
Experimental
transplant of
Predator: Killifish; preys guppies
mainly on small guppies
Guppies:
Larger at
sexual maturity
than those in
“pike-cichlid pools”
Predator: Pike-cichlid; preys mainly on large guppies
Guppies: Smaller at sexual maturity than

those in “killifish pools”
LE 22-12b
at maturity (days)
Mass of guppies
at maturity (mg)
Age of guppies
200 185.6 100 85.792.3 Control population:
161.5
160 80 Guppies from pools with
58.2
120 60 48.5 pike-cichlids as predators
80 67.5 76.1 40
40 Experimental population:
20
Guppies transplanted to
Males Females Males Females pools with killifish as
predators
The Evolution of Drug-Resistant HIV
• The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses

resistant to these drugs
• The ability of bacteria and viruses to evolve rapidly
poses a challenge to our society

LE 22-13
100
Patient
Percent of HIV resistant to 3TC
No. 1
Patient No. 2
75
50
Patient No. 3
25
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Weeks
Homology, Biogeography, and the Fossil Record
• Evolutionary theory provides a cohesive

explanation for many kinds of observations

Homology
• Homology is similarity resulting from common

ancestry

Anatomical Homologies
• Homologous structures are anatomical

resemblances that represent variations on a
structural theme present in a common ancestor

LE 22-14
Human Cat Whale Bat

• Comparative embryology reveals anatomical
homologies not visible in adult organisms

LE 22-15
Pharyngeal
pouches
Post-anal
tail
Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo

• Vestigial organs are remnants of structures that
served important functions in the organism’s
ancestors

Molecular Homologies
• Examples of homologies at the molecular level are

genes shared among organisms inherited from a
common ancestor

Homologies and the Tree of Life
• The Darwinian concept of an evolutionary tree of

life can explain homologies
• Anatomical resemblances among species are
generally reflected in their molecules, genes, and
gene products

LE 22-16
Percent of Amino Acids That Are
Identical to the Amino Acids in a
Species Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide
Human 100%
Rhesus monkey 95%
Mouse 87%
Chicken 69%
Frog 54%
Lamprey 14%
Biogeography
• Darwin’s observations of biogeography, the

geographic distribution of species, formed an
important part of his theory of evolution

• Some similar mammals that have adapted to
similar environments have evolved independently
from different ancestors

LE 22-17
NORTH
AMERICA
Sugar
glider
AUSTRALIA
Flying
squirrel
The Fossil Record
• The succession of forms observed in the fossil

record is consistent with other inferences about
the major branches of descent in the tree of life

• The Darwinian view of life predicts that
evolutionary transitions should leave signs in the
fossil record
• Paleontologists have discovered fossils of many
such transitional forms

What Is Theoretical about the Darwinian View of
Life?
• In science, a theory accounts for many
observations and data and attempts to explain and
integrate a great variety of phenomena
• Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
integrates diverse areas of biological study and
stimulates many new research questions

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Chapter 22

Descent with Modification: A

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

• A new era of biology began on November 24,

Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

– Many current species are descendants of

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• To understand why Darwin’s ideas were

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The Origin of Species

– Shook the deepest roots of Western culture

– Challenged a worldview that had been

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork

Video: Grand Canyon

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gradualism is the idea that profound change can

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• As the 19th century dawned, it was generally

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual

Video: Galápagos Island Overview

Video: Galápagos Sea Lion

Video: Soaring Hawk

Video: Galápagos Tortoise

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cactus eater. The long, Seed eater. The large

Insect eater. The green warbler finch

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Darwin developed two main ideas:

– Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity

– Natural selection is a cause of adaptive

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The phrase descent with modification summarized

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sirenia Elephas Loxodonta Loxodonta

(Asia) (Africa) (Africa)

• Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr has dissected

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Inference #1: Production of more individuals than

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Inference #2: Survival depends in part on inherited

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• In artificial selection, humans have modified other

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings