PHYSICAL SCIENCE

• The science that deals with inanimate natural object.

• Its counterpart, the Life Science, deals with the Life
forms and Living organisms.
• We are going to study the two main branch of Physical
Sciences, the Chemistry and Physics.
• For this term, we’re going to study the Chemistry part.
 CHEMISTRY
• The “STUDY OF STUFF”
– Stuff- matter, material, articles, or activities
• “The study of stuff” is a simplification of chemistry to
mean the study of matter.
– Not only the matter as a whole, but also its structure,
composition, its properties and changes it undergoes.
• Chemistry deals with the way materials change when
they interact with the surroundings or when they
interact with one another in chemical reactions.
 CHEMISTRY
• The “Central Science”
– often referred to because of its role in connecting the
physical sciences with the life sciences and applied
sciences
– principles and concepts of chemistry is everywhere.
– Knowledge of chemistry is essential to the people
studying in different fields.
• The “Central Science” cont…..
– Knowledge of chemistry is essential to the people
studying in different fields such as:
• Biology
– Biologist needs to learn chemistry to understand the chemical
processes taking place in the body of living thing such as Plants
and Animal. (Biochemistry).
• Medicine and Health Science
– knowledge on chemistry gives information of the chemical basis
of illness and disease and through various chemical processes
we can produce medicinal drug to mend these ailments.
• Environmental Science
– Natural processes and cycles occurring in our environment
can be explained by Chemistry. Also, application of
chemistry in scientific researches may help seek answers
on how to eliminate environmental pollution.
• Astronomy
– Modern astronomy would not be possible without a deep
understanding of chemistry. Much of our knowledge of the
universe is gained through astronomical spectroscopy,
which analyses the spectrum of celestial objects and
matches it with elements of the periodic table to
determine their composition.
• Material Sciences
– knowledge on the properties of certain materials such as
metals and glasses are the important contribution of
chemistry in the field of material sciences. Engineers study
every characteristic of materials they use for a particular
project.
• Law Enforcement
– Law enforcement agencies use principles in chemistry in
fighting crimes. Police investigators solve crimes by
examining the evidence obtained from a crime scene
through chemical tests. (DNA analysis & Fingerprinting)
THE BIG BANG THEORY
 THE BIG BANG THEORY
• Broadly accepted theory for the origin & evolution
of universe
• According to Big Bang Theory:
– the universe began as an incredibly hot, dense point
roughly 13.7 billion years ago.
• Key stages of the Big Bang
– Universe begun as an infinitely hot and dense initial
SINGULARITY, a point with all of space, time, matter and
energy. This means that there was nowhere, when or
what.
– It then began to rapidly expand in a process known as
INFLATION. Space expanded faster than speed of light.
– Photon collides and produces the Elementary Particles
(Electron, Positron, Quarks and Antiquarks)
– In this still hot and dense mass of the universe, pairs of
matter and antimatter (quarks and antiquarks) formed
from energy, but these pairs cancelled each other back
into energy (ANNIHILATION)
– The universe cooled down as it expanded. Excess matters
somehow came in a highly energetic “Plasma soup” where
photons were being scattered. Protons and Neutrons then
came together to form different types of nuclei by
Nucleosynthesis (Nuclear fusion)
– Neutral atoms where formed when electrons binds to
ionized protons. This process is called the Recombination.
Matter energy is greater than Radiative energy allowing
atoms to form.
– Lastly, these atoms collapse forming stars and galaxy
 KEY STAGES
• Singularity
• Inflation
• Nucleosynthesis
• Recombination
• Galaxy Formation
 MISCONCEPTIONS
• No Explosion, just Expansion
• Space begin inside the Singularity
• No center to the Universe
 EVIDENCES THAT SUPPORTS BIG
BANG THEORY
• Red Shift
– when the light from a galaxy which is moving away from
you is observed, the wavelength of the observed light is
longer and appearing as red in colour.
– Wavelength of light emitted by distant object in space is
elongated as it travels to Earth.
– The longer the light travels, the more it gets red shifted .
• Relative Abundance of the Lightest Elements
– Light elements were formed when the universe
was just a few seconds to a few minutes old.
Relative abundance of these elements are said to
be in this ratio:
» 74%- Hydrogen
» 24%- Helium
» 2%- Other Element
– It is said that the relative abundance of these
elements did not change much today.
• Cosmic Microwave Background
– CMB is the energy left in a form of Thermal
Radiation, which resulted from Recombination.
– CMB contains the afterglow of light and radiation
left over from the Big Bang.
– This relic of the Big is still visible to microwave
detectors, which allows scientists to piece
together clues of the early universe
FORMATION OF LIGHT AND
HEAVIER ELEMENTS
• Formation of Light Elements
– Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is the process of
producing the light elements during the Big Bang
Expansion
– In the beginning, the universe was very hot that
matters were fully ionized and dissociated.
– Few minutes after the Big Bang, the universe were
filled with protons, electrons, neutrinos and
positron.
– After the first three minutes, the universe cooled
down to a point here atomic nuclei can form
• Protons and Neutron combined to form atomic nuclei such as
Deuterium

• However, temperature of the universe was still greater than

binding energy of deuterium. Therefore, deuterium easily
decayed upon formation
• When the temperature cooled down, deuterium nuclei
combined with other nuclei, forming heavier ones.

• Helium-3 was formed from the fusion of two deuterium

nuclei and a release of neutron
• Tritium or hydrogen-3 was produced from the fusion of
two deuterium nuclei and a release of proton
• Helium-4 was produced from the fusion of deuterium
and tritium

• It can also be synthesized from deuterium and helium-3

• Formation of Heavy Elements
– Elements heavier than Beryllium are formed through
Stellar Nucleosynthesis. This the process by which
elements are formed within the stars.
– Oxygen was formed from carbon fusion, neon from
oxygen fusion, magnesium from neon fusion, silicon from
magnesium fusion; and iron from silicon fusion. The star,
then becomes a multi-shelled red giant
– Elements lighter than iron can be fused because the
product of these two elements is a nucleus with a mass
lower than the sum of their masses. The missing mass is
released as energy
– However, rather than releasing energy, fusion of two iron
nuclei requires an input of energy.
– Therefore, elements lighter than and including iron can be
produced in a massive star, but no elements heavier than
iron are produced.
• Formation of Heavier elements (Above Fe)
– Eventually, the star will be unable to generate
energy due to the formation of heavier elements,
causing the star to collapse.
– It then undergoes Supernova Explosion that
releases tremendous amount of energy enough to
synthesize elements heavier than iron
– The explosion of the star is called Supernova
• COSMIC RAYS
– Nuclei of elements formed in Big Bang, Stars and
Supernova rain down on us from space in the
form of cosmic rays
• Next Topic:
– Ideas of Ancient Greek on Atoms and Elements
• Study about the contributions of the Following Greek
Philosophers:
- Leucippus - Democritus
- Anaxagoras - Empedocles
- Plato - Aristotle
– What is Atomism?
– Alchemy and its contribution
GET READY FOR THE QUIZ ❤❤