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Hi,
Thank you for buying this great resource. This Power Point presentation covers the
NEW Next Generation Life Science Standards for Middle School. The Standard
that it focuses on is predominantly MSLS3-1. However it does touch on other
standards which you can find on the next page. This resource would be suitable for
K12 Middle and High school.
Thanks. BiologyGuy.
For more resources: http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Edward-White
Special thanks to:
THANK YOU
What is DNA
BiologyGuy©
What Do I Need To Know?
We will cover:
Cells
Mitosis
Basic Structure of a cell
Genetics
?
BiologyGuy©
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Cell dividing
Cell
Daughter cell
BiologyGuy©
How Do Organisms Grow?
“Wait I’m confused….. You said what? Cells?
Mitosis? What are these things? Is that all that
is needed for things to grow?”
Parent Cell
2 daughter cells
This picture shows
Cells undergoing
Different stages of
Mitosis. BiologyGuy©
Mitosis:
PROPHASE
Parent Cell
METAPHASE
BiologyGuy©
Mitosis:
If cells were humans mitosis would look like this:.
Daughter cells
Parent cell
BiologyGuy©
Mitosis:
In a person the cells divide to grow different body parts, for
example when your ear grows the cells are multiplying and
making the ear bigger.
cells
“Argh.. My
ear is all
hairy!”
BiologyGuy©
Review:
1. How do organisms grow? Write a paragraph. Compare your
original answer to your new answer.
2. What are cells?
3. What is Mitosis? Why is it important in growth?
4. What would happen if cells did not replicate during mitosis?
5. Summarize the steps of mitosis.
BiologyGuy©
Research:
Here are some interesting topics that you might want to
research using a textbook or other resource:
DNA
Cisternae
BiologyGuy©
The Nucleus
In humans the nucleus contains chromosomes, there are 23
pairs of chromosomes, making 46 in total. Each paired
chromosome has 2 variants of a gene. Genes are made of
DNA. The genes code for our characteristics, such as eye
color, hair type, they may even determine personality.
NUCLEUS DNA
DNA
CHROMOSOME
BiologyGuy©
How are DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
linked?
nucleus chromosome
Cell
• The cell contains the nucleus
BiologyGuy©
Review:
1. What is the Nucleus? Where is it located?
2. How many chromosomes are there in a human cell.
3. What is the difference between a chromatid and
chromosome?
4. How are cells, DNA, Genes and Chromosomes linked?
Produce a visual to complement your description.
FRAGILE
DNA
BiologyGuy©
RESEARCH
BiologyGuy©
The Structure of DNA?
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
Thymine Adenine
Guanine Cytosine
Each DNA base pairs with its complimentary base. A-T, and
G-C BiologyGuy©
The Structure of DNA?
p D A
p D Adenine Thymine
G
p D T
Cytosine Guanine
p D C
Thymine Adenine
P= Phosphate group
D= Deoxyribose Guanine Cytosine
A= Adenine
G= Guanine
T =Thymine
C= Cytosine
BiologyGuy©
DNA REVIEW:
BiologyGuy©
5
DNA Replication
BiologyGuy©
5 How is DNA replicated during growth?
When an organism grows its cells divide by MITOSIS. During this process the
DNA needs to be copied and transferred to the new daughter cell. The
process of DNA replication can be broken down into 3 steps.
Parent
DNA
DNA for
daughter
cells
BiologyGuy©
How is DNA replicated? STEP 1
In order for DNA to replicate itself it needs to make a copy of its
DNA. The 1st step in DNA replication is the unwinding of the
DNA strand.
As the DNA
unwinds it
exposes the
base pairs:
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
TEMPLATE:
Template STRAND GACTGACTGAC
DNA polymerase
C
Complimentary STRAND T G
The cell now has a copy of its DNA and is ready to divide by mitosis to
produce a new cell.
BiologyGuy©
Summary of How DNA is replicated for growth:
Step 1. The DNA is unzipped
PARENT CELL
Once the cell
has a copy of
the DNA it is
ready to divide
and produce a
new daughter
cell. This is
called
MITOSIS.
DAUGHTER CELLS
BiologyGuy©
DNA REPLICATION REVIEW:
1. What is DNA replication?
2. What role does DNA Polymerase play in DNA replication?
3. Produce a 3 step summary for DNA replication.
4. Create 3 questions that relate to DNA replication.
BiologyGuy©
6 How are Proteins Made?
Proteins are found throughout cells and cause most of the
differences that you can see among organisms.
Proteins help determine what color you can see, what color your
eyes are and whether your hair is curly or straight.
Proteins are made by following a genetic code, the code is
found in the genes.
Our genes determine our characteristics such as; will we have
curly or straight hair? This genetic information is expressed by
PROTEINS which are made using the DNA sequence that
codes for that particular gene.
1.
Nuclear Membrane
3.
4.
The mRNA leaves the
nucleus
2.
Cell Membrane
BiologyGuy©
How are Proteins Made?
1. A copy is made of one side of the DNA where a gene is
found. The mirror like copy of DNA is called Messenger RNA
(mRNA). The copy is made in a similar way to how DNA
replicates. The difference being that Thymine becomes Uracil
and that the copy of DNA will not stay in the nucleus
DNA
DNA
nucleus copied
mRNA
BiologyGuy©
How are Proteins Made?
2. The mRNA, leaves the Nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
The mRNA like DNA has nucleotide bases. Every 3 bases in
sequence will code for an amino acid. This will happen in the
ribosome. RNA
mRNA
Nucleotide
ribosome bases
BiologyGuy©
How are Proteins Made?
3. The mRNA is fed through a ribosome, as this happens transfer
RNA (tRNA), brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome. The genetic order of the mRNA determines which
amino acids are bought to the ribosome. This produces an amino
acid chain
Amino Acid
Amino acid
chain
tRNA
ribosome BiologyGuy©
How are Proteins Made?
4.The amino acid chains will grow until they form a protein.
Usually one protein is produced for each gene. This protein will
then express a certain characteristic, such as hair or eye color.
Amino Acid
Amino acid
chain
tRNA
ribosome BiologyGuy©
How are Proteins Made? REVIEW
BiologyGuy©
1.
3.
4.
2.
BiologyGuy©
7 WHAT ARE MUTATIONS?
How did Peter Parker’s
DNA change to give him
spider ability?
Can you guess
who I am? The spider that bit him
changed/mutated his
DNA. The DNA then
coded for different
proteins, this made him
have super powers
Super
protein
Mutation= change in DNA base
Spider mutation
BiologyGuy©
MUTATIONS
Can you guess
who I am?
Normal vision
T- T - T-C-C-G- G -G -C
Cyclops Vision ( With burst of light)
T- T- T- C- C- C -G- G- C
A Combination of mutations that occur in DNA sequences
will alter a gene. This altered gene will result in the
production of different proteins which could give special
abilities. BiologyGuy©
Mutations
1. What mutation occurred in the DNA? What is the correct base
pair of Thymine?
2. Will the normal DNA, produce the same Amino Acid and protein
As the mutated DNA?
BiologyGuy©
Human Mutations
This is a picture of Fedor Jeftichew, from
Russia. He lived 1868 - January 31, 1904. He
was a sideshow performer.
BiologyGuy©
Human Mutations
People with
hypertrichosis have
excessive hair on
their shoulders,
face, and ears.
Studies have
implicated it to a
rearrangement of
chromosome 8.
Chromosome 8
BiologyGuy©
Human Mutations
Chromosome 8 can be
seen in a human
Karyotype, along with
the other 22 pairs of
chromosomes. In
Hypertrichosis the DNA
bases in chromosome 8
become rearranged.
Karyotype: an
organized profile of an
organisms’
chromosomes.
BiologyGuy©
How Do Mutations Happen?
U.V Light from
the sun. Radiation (nuclear)
Alpha, Beta, Gamma,
X-Rays.
Chemicals
like those found
in cigarettes and
in the home.
Mistakes that
occur when a cell
copies itself.
BiologyGuy©
Do Mutations matter?
In the case of super heroes Mutations can
be a good thing. They may even result in
the survival of one species over another.
BiologyGuy©
8 “Mutations” Activity:
Engineering Standard:Develop and use a model to
describe phenomena. (MS-LS3-1),(MS-LS3-2).
BiologyGuy©
BENDY ARMED MAN!!
SUPER POWERS:
1 http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/DNA-FUN-LAB-379543
1.
BiologyGuy©