Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Biotechnology
Miss Meina (Year 9 Science)
Female Menstrual Cycle
For pregnancy to take place, a sperm cell must fertilise the egg within 12 to 24
hours of ovulating.
Female Menstrual Cycle
4. Luteal Phase (End of menstrual cycle):
After the egg has travelled down the fallopian tube it gets to the uterus. The
body starts to produce a new hormone called progesterone. This hormone will
make sure the uterus keeps building up it’s lining.
If the egg is fertilized it implants in the wall of the uterus and starts to develop.
The body does not shed the uterus lining so there is no period. (Pregnant)
If the egg is not fertilized, levels of oestrogen and progresterone drop. The uterus
does not need to maintain the nutritious lining it built up so it starts to break it
down.
The thick lining and blood that was built up during the menstrual cycle will be
shed from the uterus and leave the body through the vagina. This is the
menstruation and it means that a new cycle begins.
Purpose of Ovulation
What is the purpose of ovulation?
Knowing when a woman is ovulating each month is helpful because she is
the most fertile — or able to become pregnant —around the time of
ovulation.
If a woman is not ovulating she cannot become pregnant.
Menopause
What is menopause?
Menopause is the time in a woman's life (typically between the ages of 45 and 50)
when menstruation stops happening.
Fertilisation is the moment when a sperm and egg join together, and
the genes from the mother and father combine to form a new life
(zygote).
Implantation
Implantation is when the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the
uterus to grow and develop.
Review of Male and Female
Reproductive system
Worksheet
Genetics
What do you know about genetics?
The transmission of heritable characteristics from one generation to the
next involves DNA and genes
Heritable characteristics: Any traits that can be directly linked to what is
contained in your DNA
Examples: eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, some diseases
Genes carry the information that determines your traits, which are
features or characteristics that are passed on to you — or inherited —
from your parents.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35FwmiPE9tI
Science History Rap Battle
DNA Structure
DNA is a long, thread-like molecule similar to the shape of a rope
ladder twisted into a spiral pattern – the double helix.
The sides of the ladder are made of alternating
sugar and phosphate units.
S P
Thymine T
Cytosine C
Guanine G
Adenine only pairs with Thymine
Guanine only pairs with Cytosine
DNA Structure
The 4 bases make up the basic structure of the DNA of all living
organisms.
The difference between the DNA of organisms is the number and
arrangement of the bases.
A single molecule of DNA may be made of hundreds of thousands of
bases.
Genes, DNA & Chromosomes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hywRdDVR76A
2 minute video
DNA
Worksheet
Mutations
What is a mutation?
Mutations are accidental changes in the genetic code. Mutations can lead to
missing or malformed proteins, and that can lead to disease.
A gene mutation is a change in the order of bases on a strand of DNA.
Example: colour blindness
Chromosome mutations are due to change in either the chromosome structure
or the chromosome number of a cell.
Example: Down's syndrome
Chromosomes
Chromosomes exist in pairs in each body cell, the members of each pair being
similar in size and shape.
One of the pair was inherited from the father, the other from the mother, making
what is called a homologous pair.
Most cells in your body therefore contain two of each type of chromosome. They
are referred to as diploid cells (somatic cells).
In contrast, gametes contain only one of each type of chromosome. Hence, half of
the chromosomes in a haploid cell come from dad, the other half from mum.
Gametes are known as haploid cells
(sex cells).
Chromosomes
In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a
total of 46.
Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both
males and females.
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females.
Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X
and one Y chromosome.
Numbers of chromosomes
Worksheet
Mitosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI
Mitosis
Mitosis
Phases of Mitosis
Mitosis Review Quiz!
1. Mitosis is done by your body cells. What types of cells do not undergo mitosis?
Sex cells do not undergo mitosis!
2. List 2 ways that mitosis is important for your body:
Mitosis is important for growth and repair of body cells!
3. In mitosis, the cells that are created are __________________.
In mitosis the cells that are created are identical!
4. What are chromosomes made of?
Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins.
5. In humans, how many chromosomes should be in each of the diploid cells after
mitosis?
46 chromosomes in diploid cells.
6. What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Meiosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g
Meiosis
Meiosis
Mitosis and Meiosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWw-S3t8XMw
3 minute video comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis Review Quiz!
1. What is the purpose of meiosis?
The purpose of meiosis is to make gametes, also known as sperm and
egg cells.
2. How many chromosomes are in a sperm or egg cell?
23 chromosomes in a sperm or egg cell.
3. How many divisions or stages of PMAT occur in meiosis?
Two
4. How many cells are produced at the end of the meiosis? How many
chromosomes do they have?
4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each.
5. Why is this important?
It gives variety
Mitosis vs Meiosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeigYib39Rs
Ethical Issues- For IVF
Embryos that are destroyed don’t feel anything or
suffer
Sex
Hair, eye, skin colour
Athletic ability- strong, fast, muscly, flexible etc
Intelligence
Musical ability
Resistance to disease
Pros
Cons
Helen wants a child. She isn't aiming to create a perfect child but she wants to undergo genetic
selection treatment. Helen has a problem with her DNA. It doesn’t affect her health, but it means that
most of her eggs don't carry all the genes needed for a baby to grow healthily. The result is that each
time she becomes pregnant, she miscarries.
Doctors suggest that Helen try a technique called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Using PGD
scientists can screen embryos outside the womb, long before they develop into babies. They can select
just those embryos that carry healthy genes. This ensures the baby is free from genetic abnormalities.
Genetic technology seems the only way she can have a baby at all.
If Helen has a child this way, it's not really a designer baby at all. The embryo will be created from one
of Helen's eggs and her husband's sperm, just as in IVF. The genes will not be altered, or enhanced in
any way. The doctors simply choose an embryo that doesn't carry Helen's genetic disorder.
Your thoughts:
By the time he was 5 years old his parents noticed he was having problems with his running and
walking. After several medical consultations, James was diagnosed with ‘Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy’. Duchenne is a genetically inherited disease that causes the slow yet progressive
breakdown of muscle tissue.
James’ parents would love another child but are aware that any other children they do have
will have a chance of developing Duchenne.
PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis) would allow James’ parents to select specific
embryos.
Should James’ parents be allowed PGD?
Your thoughts:
Would you allow James’ parents to have the treatment?
Reason for your choice?
Case study 3
Phil and Sian have four daughters, but they wish to have a fifth child and would
really like to have a son. To ensure their next child is a boy they wish to undergo
genetic selection treatment.
Doctors can now check using PGD whether an embryo produced by IVF is a boy or a
girl depending on whether it contains an XX or XY pair of chromosomes and then
implant the chosen embryo into Sian. There is no medical reason for the couple to
have a male child but they both strongly believe a boy is needed to complete their
family and to carry on their family name.
Your thoughts:
A boy has been born to a British couple who want to use stem cells from his umbilical
cord to treat an older brother with a life threatening blood disorder.
The baby was genetically selected while he was still an embryo (using PGD) to be a
near perfect tissue match to the four-year-old brother so he can receive treatment.
The couple went to an American clinic for IVF treatment because the selection
procedure is not allowed in the UK.
Is it right to create a child for the sole purpose of attempting to treat a sibling with
a disorder?
Your thoughts:
Do you think the parents should have been allowed this treatment in the UK?
Reason for your choice?
Review
The Reproductive System (Boardworks)
Chromosomes, Genes and DNA (worksheet)
BIOTECHNOLOGY
What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is technology that uses biological systems, living organisms or
parts of these to develop or create different products.