Complex Numbers

Content
• Recall on complex numbers
• Roots of Complex Numbers
• Solving second degree equation (real
coefficient, complex coefficient)

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2 WEEK 4: COMPLEX NUMBERS

 Complex Numbers
Complex numbers are numbers that
can be expressed in the form of
Real Part Imaginary Unit
Imaginary

z  a  jb Part

where a and b are real numbers

and j  - 1 or j  1
2

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 Complex Numbers
Argand
z  a  jb Im
Diagram

z  rrcosθ  jsinθ
r sin θ r


Re
0 a
zr e jθ
Where
e jθ  cosθ  j sinθ
Euler’s Relation

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 Complex Numbers
Modulus r  a 2  b2

Argument (in radian) θ  tan -1  ba  Be careful with

the quadrant !!

z  a  jb z  re jθ
Algebraic Form Exponential Form

a  r cos θ Real Part

b  r sin θ Imaginary Part

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 Recall on complex numbers

please refer to

ATTACHMENT W4_1.pdf
Complex Numbers1.flv

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
The theorem is true for all positive,
negative or fractional values of n. The
theorem is used to determine powers and
roots of complex numbers.

z  r cos nθ  j sin nθ 
n n

z r e
n n j nθ

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 Roots of
Complex Number
In general, when finding the nth root of a
complex number, there are n solutions.
Examples:
Cube root of a complex number has 3 solutions
Fifth root of a complex number has 5 solutions

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 Roots of
Complex Number
In the solution to the roots of a complex
number, the modulus r is always the same
but the arguments θ are different. The
arguments are symmetrically spaced on
an Argand Diagram and are 3600/n apart
where n is the number of the root required.

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 The simple form of equation to describe
the roots for general value of n is

z a  0
n

where
a 1
z a
n
a  ρe jφ

a  x  jy
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 n th Roots of Unity

z 1
n

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 Solving z  1
n

Complex number in
exponential form z 1
n

Using De Moivre’s
Theorem r ee  n
n jθ j nθ
 1e
j0

Equating the
modulus r 1  r  1
n n

2π
Equating the
argument
n θ  0  k 2π  θ  k
n
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 Example 1

Solve the equation,

z 1
3

Where z is complex

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 Example 1…solution
Using De Moivre’s
Theorem r ee   1 e
3 jθj3θ3 j0

Equating the
modulus r  1  r  1 1
3 3

2π
Equating the
argument
3 θ  0  k 2π  θ  k
3
If k = 0 If k = 1 If k = 2

j 23 π j 43 π
z  1e j0
z  1e z  1e
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 Example 1…solution
k 1
2π
2π 3 k 0
3
2π
3

k2
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 n th Roots of

z  ρe
n jφ

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 Solving z  ρ e
n jφ

Complex number in
exponential form
z  ρe
n jφ

Using De Moivre’s
Theorem r ee  n
n jθ j nθ
 ρe
jφ

Equating the
modulus
r ρ  rn ρ
n

φ 2π
Equating the
argument
n θ  φ  k 2π  θ   k
n n
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 Example 2

Solve the equation,

π
z  25 e
2 j 4

Where z is complex

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 Example 2…solution
Using De Moivre’s
Theorem r ee   25 e
2 jθj 2θ2 j π4

Equating the
modulus r  25  r  25  5
2 2

Equating the
argument
2θ  π
4
 k 2π  θ   k π π
8

If k = 0 If k = 1

j 8π j 89 π
z  5e z  5e
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 Example 2…solution

k 0
π
π
k 1

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 Square Roots of

z  a  jb
2

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 Solving Z2 by using a+jb form
Let z  x  jy
z  x  j y 
2 2
Then -1
z x 
2 2
 yj 2xy
2
 j2xy
2 2
jy
If z  a  jb
2

Equating the real part x y a

2 2

Equating the imaginary part 2xy  b

The modulus of z2 x y  a b
2 2 2 2

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 Example 3

Solve the equation,

z  2  j3
2

Where z is complex

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 Example 3…solution
x 2

 y  j 2xy   2  j 3
2

(1) Equating the real part x y 2 2 2

(2) Equating the imaginary part 2xy  3

(3) The modulus of z2 x  y  13

2 2

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 Example 3…solution
Equation (1) + (3) 2x  2  13
2

Equation (1) - (3) - 2y  2  13

2

Therefore:
x   1 13
x  y
  
2

y 13
2 1  
From Equation (2) xy  3
2
 xy  0
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 Example 3…solution
Solutions of z  2  j 3 are
2

z1  1  13
2 j 13
2 1

z2   1 13
2 j 13
2 1

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 Solving Second Degree
Equation

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 Consider az  bz  c  0
2

Where a , b and c can be real or complex

-b 
Solutions are given by z 
2a
Where the discriminant is Δ  b  4ac
2

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 We let δ  Δ therefore δ  Δ 2

Solutions of az  bz  c  0 are
2

- b  δ1 - b  δ2
z1  or z2 
2a 2a
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 Example 4

Find the roots of

z  4z  8  0
2

Real coefficients

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 Euler’s Relation
j
e 1j0

j π2
e j
-1 1 e  1
jπ

j 32 π
e  j
-j
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 Example 4…solution
Discriminant Δ  b  4ac
2

Δ  - 16
4  418
2

Let Δδ 2
where δ  re jθ

Determine δ i using exponential form

Therefore δ  16
2

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 Example 4…solution
r ee  2
2 jθj 2θ
 16
16e jπ

(1) Equating the modulus

r  16  r  16  4
2 2

(2) Equating the argument

2θ  π  k 2π  θ   k π π
2
j π2
Hence, If k = 0 δ  4 e
1
j 32 π
If k = 1 δ 2  4 e
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 Example 4…solution
Solutions of z  4z  8  0 are
2

- - 4  4δj 4
e1
j π2
z1   2  j2
21
- - 4 - δ4j 24e j 32 π
z2   2  j2
21
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 Alternative way to solve example 4

please refer to

ATTACHMENT W4_2.pdf

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 Example 5

Solve

x  1  jx  j  0
2

Complex coefficients

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 Example 5…solution
Discriminant Δ  b  4ac
2

Δ  - j6
1 - j  41 j
2

Let Δδ 2
where δ  x  jy
Determine δ i using algebraic form

Therefore δ   j6
2

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 Example 5…solution
x xy jyj 2xy
2 2 2
  j6 0  j 6
(1) Equating the real part x y 0 2 2

(2) Equating the imaginary part 2xy  -6

(3) The modulus of 2 x y 6

2 2

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 Example 5…solution
Equation (1) + (3) 2x  62

Equation (1) - (3) - 2y  6

2

Therefore: x  y
x 3   
y 3  
From Equation (2) xy  -3  xy  0

Hence, δ1  3  j 3 , δ 2   3  j 3
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 Example 5…solution
Solutions of x  1  jx  j  0 are
2

x1 
1-j1 3 j    
j δ31  1  3  j 1  3 
221 2 2

x2 
1-j1  3j
 
j δ 23 1  3
 j
 
1 3 
221 2 2

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 Alternative way to solve example 5

please refer to

ATTACHMENT W4_3.pdf

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 words of the day

Success is often the result

of taking a misstep in the
right direction

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